Transformer losses

Copper losses I 2 R losses

Stray loss stray capacitance + leakage inductance losses
Apparent loss loss due to magnetizing current in the primary winding
Iron loss loss due to varying flux in the core( hysteresis +eddy losses)
hysteresis loss
The load currents through the resistance's of the primary
and secondary windings I2R losses heat up the
copper wires cause voltage drops.
Load losses Copper losses (winding material copper or aluminum).

Magnetic flux, and B-H magnetization curve

- permeability
where
- magnetizing force
- flux density
and

H=

NI
Lc

Permeability ability to conduct flux relative ease of

Establishing Magnetic field in any material. Mathematically,
ratio of the flux density (B) to the magnetizing force (H) that causes B.
Ferromagnetic materials permeability greater than 6000 times
than of free space.
2

Eddy current Loss

The alternating magnetic field induce voltage in the core.

Induce a current in the core.

An eddy current swirling current set up in the core in response to a

changing magnetic field in it.

By Lenz's law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a magnetic

field opposing the change.

Eddy current loss resistive power dissipation due to the passage of

induced currents through the core.

Amount of energy lost due to Eddy currents proportional to size of

paths they follow within the core.
Thats why laminated core is used instead of solid core.
3

Eddy current Loss

currents in each piece of the laminated core are considerably less than in the
solid core because the resistance of the pieces is much higher. As
R (Area)-1
4

Magnetic Hysteresis:
Lagging of magnetisation or
inductor flux density (B) behind
the magnetising force (H).
Quality of a magnetic substance
to which energy is dissipated in it
on the reversal of its magnetism.
Br Residual ( remanent ) flux
density.
This measures the retentivity or
remanence of the material.
H=NI/l
5

Magnetic Hysteresis:
Current
Flux

i(t)

Time (t)

Applied Current

Magnetizing
intensity H

Hysteresis Curve

When current decreases,

When current reaches zero again from its negative
Flux
tracesflux
out
different
path
from
the
one
it followed
Assuming
In currents
next
inside
cycle,
the
core
flux
is initially
tendpath
to
zero.
follow
the path
maximum
value,
core
fluxCore
follows
the
as mentioned.
when
current
isabove.
increased
as
mentioned.
When
current
reverses
the
direction
to its
When
mentioned
current
increases
from
zero , and
corereach
flux will
trace

Note
that
when
current
reaches
zero,
Core
flux
maximum
negative
value,above.
core flux follows the pathhas
as
out the path,
mentioned
some
value other than zero. (RESIDUAL FLUX)
mentioned.
6

Hysteresis loss:
Current

Flux

i(t)
Residual flux
Loss

Coercive mmf
Loss

Coercive mmf

Time (t)
Residual flux

Applied Current

Magnetizing
intensity H

Hysteresis Curve

When
To force the flux to zero, An amount of mmf must
be applied
i(t) = 0to,thecore
0 in opposite direction called
Coercive mmf.
= R called Residual Flux.
7