GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution
Additional suggested reading: Chapter 5 of Ortuzar
& Willumsen, third edition

November 2004

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution Objectives

Replicate spatial pattern of trip making

Account for spatial separation among origins and destinations (proximity in terms of time, cost, & other factors)
Account for attractiveness among TAZs
Reflect human behavior

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution
Convert Production and Attraction Tables into Origin Destination (O - D) Matrices
TAZ
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sum

P
15
13
26
18
8
13
93

A
22
6
5
52
2
6
93

Origins
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sum

1
T11
T21
T31
T41
T51
T61
D1

Destinations
2
3
4
5
T12 T13 T14 T15
T22 T23 T24 T25
T32 T33 T34 T35
T42 T43 T44 T45
T52 T53 T54 T55
T62 T63 T64 T65
D 2 D3 D 4 D5

6
T16
T26
T36
T46
T56
T66
D6

Sum
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
O6

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Crude approximation for HBW

Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total

Production Attraction
P
A
15
22
13
6
26
5
18
52
8
2
13
6
93
93

Crude OD
Calculation
O=D=(P+A)/2
18.5
9.5
15.5
35
5
9.5
93

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution, Methodology

General Equation:
Tij = Ti P(Tj)
Tij = calculated trips from zone i to zone j
Ti
= total trips originating at zone i
P(Tj) = probability measure that trips will be attracted
to zone j

Constraints:
Singly Constrained
Sumi Tij = Dj

OR

Sumj Tij = Oi

Doubly Constrained
Sumi Tij = Dj

AND

Sumj Tij = Oi

GEOG 111/211A

Trip Distribution Models

Growth Factor / Fratar Model
Tij = Ti (Tj / T)
Tij = present trips from zone i to zone j
Ti = total trips originating at zone i
Tj = total trips ending at zone j
T = total trips in the entire study
Tij* = Tij (Fi Fj) / F
Fi = Ti* / Ti
Fj = Tj* / Tj
F = T* / T
* = estimated future trips

Transportation Planning

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution Models

Gravity Model
Tij = Ti

Aj / Cij
a
Sum (Ax / Cix)

You can consider this as the

probability spatial distribution
P(Tj)

Tij = trips from zone i to zone j

Ti = total trips originating at zone i
Aj = attraction factor at j
Ax = attraction factor at any zone x
Cij = travel friction from i to j expressed as a generalized cost
function
Cix = travel friction from i to any zone x expressed as a
generalized cost function
a = friction exponent or restraining influence

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Distribution Models

Intervening - Opportunities Model
Tij = Ti (e-LT - e-LT(T + Tj) )
Tij = trips from zone i to zone j
T = trip destination opportunities closer in time to zone
i than those in zone j
Ti = trip end opportunities in zone i
Tj = trip end opportunities in zone j
L = probability that any destination opportunity will be
chosen

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Model Comparison
Model

Advantages

Disadvantages

Growth Factor

Simple
Easy to balance origin and
destination trips at any
zone
Specific account of friction
and interaction between
zones
Does not require origin destination data
Claimed to bear a better
fit to actual traffic

Does not reflect changes in the

frictions between zones
Does not reflect changes in the
network
Requires extensive calibration
Long iterative process

Gravity
Intervening Opportunities

Accounts for only relative

changes in time - distance
relationship between zones
Arbitrary choice of
probability factor

New: Destination choice models build on intervening opportunities

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Gravity Model Process

1. Create Shortest Path Matrix
- Minimize Link Cost between Centroids

2. Estimate Friction Factor Parameters

- Function of Trip Length Characteristics by Trip Purpose

3. Calculate Friction Factor Matrix

4. Convert Productions and Attractions to Origins and
Destinations
5. Calculate Origin - Destination Matrix
6. Enforce Constraints on O - D Matrix
- Iterate Between Enforcing Total Origins and Destinations

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Shortest Path Matrix

Matrix of Minimum Generalized Cost from any
Zone i to any Zone j (see OW p. 153)
Distance, Time, Monetary Cost, Waiting Time, Transfer
Time, etc.. may be used in Generalized Cost
Time or Distance Often Used
Matrix Not Necessarily TAZ
TAZ ID
Symmetric (Effect of ID 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16
One - Way Streets)
2
C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26
3
4
5
6

C31
C41
C51
C61

C32
C42
C52
C62

C33
C43
C53
C63

C34
C44
C54
C64

C35
C45
C55
C65

C36
C46
C56
C66

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Example: travel time matrix for 6 TAZs

Travel time table (minutes)
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
1
2
3
4
5
6

2
2
1
3
4
5
6

3
3
1.5
2
3
4
5

4
4
2
2
1
3
4

5
5
3
2
2
1
4

6
6
4
3
3
2
1

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Friction Factor Models

Exponential:
f(cij) = e- c (cij)

c>0

Inverse Power:
f(cij) = cij- b

b>0

Gamma:
f(cij) = a cij- b e- c (cij)
Trip Purpose
HBW
HBP
NHB

a
28507
139173
219113

a > 0, b > 0, c > 0

b
0.020
1.285
1.332

c
0.123
0.094
0.010

ref. NCHRP 365 / TransCAD UTPS Manual pg. 80

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Example friction factors using

travel times alone
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
1.349859
1.822119
2.459603
3.320117
4.481689
6.049647

2
1.822119
1.349859
2.459603
3.320117
4.481689
6.049647

3
2.459603
1.568312
1.822119
2.459603
3.320117
4.481689

4
3.320117
1.822119
1.822119
1.349859
2.459603
3.320117

Friction ij = 1/exp(-0.03* Timeij)

5
4.481689
2.459603
1.822119
1.822119
1.349859
3.320117

6
6.049647
3.320117
2.459603
2.459603
1.822119
1.349859

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Friction Factor Matrices

Matrix of Friction from any Zone i to any Zone j, by Trip Purpose
Each Cell of a Friction Factor Matrix is a Function of the Corresponding Cell of the Shortest Path Matrix
Each Trip Purpose has a separate Friction Factor Matrix
Because Trip Making
Behavior Changes for
Each Trip Purpose

TAZ
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6

TAZ ID
3
4

F11
F21
F31
F41
F51
F61

F12
F22
F32
F42
F52
F62

F13
F23
F33
F43
F53
F63

F14
F24
F34
F44
F54
F64

F15
F25
F35
F45
F55
F65

F16
F26
F36
F46
F56
F66

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Conversion(Approximate)
Home Based Trips:

Non - Home Based Trips:

Oi = (Pi + Ai) / 2 Oi = Pi
Di = (Pi + Ai) / 2 Di = Ai
Oi = origins in zone i (by trip purpose)
Di = destinations in zone i (by trip purpose)
Pi = productions in zone i (by trip purpose)
Ai = attractions in zone i (by trip purpose)

Note: This Only Works for a 24 Hour Time Period

If our models are for one period in a day we prefer to
work directly with Origins-Destinations

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

O - D Matrix Calculation
Calculate Initial Matrix By Gravity Equation, by Trip
Purpose
Each Cell has a Different Friction, Found in the
Corresponding Cell of the Friction Factor Matrix

Enforce Constraints in Iterative Process

Sum of Trips in Row i Must Equal Origins of TAZ i
If Not Equal, Trips are Adjusted Proportionally
Sum of Trips in Column j Must Equal Destinations of TAZ j
If Not Equal, Trips are Adjusted Proportionally
Iterate Until No Adjustments Required

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

O - D Matrix Example:
Origins
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sum

1
T11
T21
T31
T41
T51
T61
D1

2
T12
T22
T32
T42
T52
T62
D2

Destinations
3 4 5
T13 T14 T15
T23 T24 T25
T33 T34 T35
T43 T44 T45
T53 T54 T55
T63 T64 T65
D3 D4 D5

6
T16
T26
T36
T46
T56
T66
D6

Sum
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
O6

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Attraction/friction matrix
Aj/friction factor Table
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6

1
16.298
12.074
8.945
6.626
4.909
3.637

2
3.293
4.445
2.439
1.807
1.339
0.992

3
2.033
3.188
2.744
2.033
1.506
1.116

4
15.662
28.538
28.538
38.523
21.142
15.662

5
0.446
0.813
1.098
1.098
1.482
0.602

6 Total
0.992
38.724
1.807
50.865
2.439
46.203
2.439
52.526
3.293
33.670
4.445
26.453

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Gravity model probability

Gravity Model Probability
Zone ID
1
1
0.421
2
0.237
3
0.194
4
0.126
5
0.146
6
0.137

2
0.085
0.087
0.053
0.034
0.040
0.037

3
0.052
0.063
0.059
0.039
0.045
0.042

Aj / frictionij
Sum (Ax / frictionix)

4
0.404
0.561
0.618
0.733
0.628
0.592

5
0.012
0.016
0.024
0.021
0.044
0.023

6 Total
0.026
0.036
0.053
0.046
0.098
0.168

1
1
1
1
1
1

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip Interchange - iteration 1

TIJ iteration 1
Zone ID
1
2
1
7.8
1.6
2
2.3
0.8
3
3.0
0.8
4
4.4
1.2
5
0.7
0.2
6
1.3
0.4
Total
19.5
5.0
Dj
18.5
9.5
Ratio
0.949099 1.907311

3
4
5
1.0
7.5
0.2
0.6
5.3
0.2
0.9
9.6
0.4
1.4
25.7
0.7
0.2
3.1
0.2
0.4
5.6
0.2
4.5
56.8
1.9
15.5
35
5
3.47064 0.615986 2.630148

6 Total
0.5
18.5
0.3
9.5
0.8
15.5
1.6
35
0.5
5
1.6
9.5
5.3
93
9.5
1.77888

For each cell value we apply the gravity equation once - in this iteration after this we use the ratio to adjust the values in the cells - until row and
column targets are satisfied - see also OW - chapter 5

Target
Oi
18.5
9.5
15.5
35
5
9.5

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip interchange - iteration 2

TIJ iteration 2
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total

1
7.4
2.1
2.8
4.2
0.7
1.2
18.5

2
3.0
1.6
1.6
2.3
0.4
0.7
9.5

3
3.4
2.1
3.2
4.7
0.8
1.4
15.5

4
4.6
3.3
5.9
15.8
1.9
3.5
35

5
0.6
0.4
1.0
1.9
0.6
0.6
5

6 Total
Oi
0.8
19.8
0.6
10.1
1.5
15.9
2.9
31.8
0.9
5.2
2.8
10.2
9.5
93

18.5
9.5
15.5
35
5
9.5

Using the ratios from before we succeed in getting the targets for the sums
of cells for each column - look at the other ratios

Ratio
0.935588
0.943096
0.973293
1.100092
0.956075
0.932966

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip interchange - iteration 3

TIJ iteration 3
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6 Total
1
6.9
2.8
3.2
4.3
0.5
0.8
18.5
2
2.0
1.5
1.9
3.1
0.4
0.6
9.5
3
2.8
1.5
3.1
5.7
0.9
1.4
15.5
4
4.6
2.5
5.2
17.4
2.1
3.2
35
5
0.7
0.4
0.7
1.8
0.6
0.8
5
6
1.2
0.6
1.3
3.2
0.5
2.6
9.5
Total
18.1
9.3
15.4
35.6
5.0
9.4
93
Ratio
1.020289 1.016843 1.004978 0.982477 0.991224 1.007046

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Trip interchange - iteration 4

TIJ iteration 4
Zone ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total

1
7.1
2.1
2.8
4.7
0.7
1.2
18.5

2
2.9
1.5
1.5
2.6
0.4
0.6
9.5

3
3.2
2.0
3.1
5.2
0.7
1.3
15.5

4
4.2
3.0
5.6
17.1
1.8
3.2
35

5
0.5
0.4
0.9
2.1
0.5
0.5
5

6 Total
Oi
0.8
18.6
0.6
9.5
1.4
15.5
3.2
34.9
0.8
5.0
2.7
9.5
9.5
93

We get both rows and columns to produce the sums we want!

18.5
9.5
15.5
35
5
9.5

Ratio
0.993094
0.997665
1.000101
1.003991
1.001637
1.000214

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Multiple Matrices
For each trip purpose obtain different OriginDestination Tij matrices
Usually these are 24 hour Matrices (number of trips
from one zone to another in a 24 hour period)
In assignment we will need a matrix of vehicles
moving from a zone to another during a specific
period (peak usually) in a typical day

GEOG 111/211A

Transportation Planning

Final O - D Matrix (simplified)

Combine (Add) O - D Matrices for Various Trip Purposes
Scale Matrix for Peak Hour
Scale by Percent of Daily Trips Made in the Peak Hour
0.1 Often Used (10% of daily trips)

Scale Matrix for Vehicle Trips

Scale by Inverse of Ridership Ratio to Convert Person Trips to
Vehicle Trips
0.95 to 1 Often Used

Note: Mode Split Process / Models More Accurate, - we will

explore them in class