W-CDMA Air Interface Fundamentals

Prepared By: Rupy Sikka

E-mail: Rsikka@lucent.com
Ph: +1 (630) 2240 192

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OBJECTIVES

• Describe the requirements and drivers behinds the W-

CDMA Air Interface.
• List the layers UMTS radio Air Interface protocol stack
and the responsibility of each layer
• UMTS Channel Types and their purpose
• Gain understanding of UMTS Modes: FDD and TDD
• Protection in UMTS:Describe the forward error correction
employed by UMTS Air interface
• Channelizations in UMTS
• Source Identification: Scrambling codes/Gold Codes

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W-CDMA OVERVIEW-ARCHITECTURE

Core Network

SGSN GGSN PDN/

PSTN 3G-MSC
Internet

Iu-CS Iu-PS

RNS UTRAN
RNC

Iub Iub

Node B Node B

Uu Uu

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WCDMA OVERVIEW-UTRAN FUNCTIONS

• UTRAN Functions:
– Overall System Access Control
– Security and Privacy
– Handover
– Radio Resource Management and Control
• RNC Functions:
– Intra UTRAN Handover
– Frame Synchronization
– Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control
– Outer Loop Power Control
– Radio Resource Allocation

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UTRAN FUNCTIONS

• Node B
– Termination of Iub Interface from RNC
– Conduct Radio Environment Survey (BER estimate, Rx signal strength
etc..)
– Inner Loop Power Control
– Open loop power control
– Radio Channel Coding/decoding
– Mapping of coded composite transport channels on physical channel
– modulation and spreading/dispreading of physical channels
– Frequency and time Synchronization
– Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher layers
– Termination of Uu interface from the UE etc..

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3G SERVICES

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3G CHARACTERISTICS - Asymmetric

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3G CHARACTERISTICS– Concurrent Services

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3G CHARACTERISTICS – ALWAYS “ON”

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W-CDMA INTERFACE

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SPECTRUM FOR UMTS

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UMTS MODES

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UMTS RADIO PROTOCOL STACK

Layer-3
Layer-2U
OSI
Layer-2L

Layer-1

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RADIO PROTOCOL STACK FUNCTIONS

• Physical Layer Functions (Layer-1)

– Forward error correction, coding,interleaving
– Measurements
– Soft handover execution
– Multiplexing/mapping of services on dedicated physical code channels
– Modulation, spreading, demodulation, dispreading of physical channels
– Frequency and time synchronization
– Fast closed-loop power control
– RF processing
• MAC Layer Function (Layer-2L)
– Selection of appropriate transport format
– Service multiplexing on RACH, FACH and dedicated channels
– Scheduling
– Access resolution on RACH
– Contention resolution on RACH etc..

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RADIO PROTOCOL STACK FUNCTIONS
• RLC Functions (Layer-2U):
– Segmentation and assembly
– Transfer of user data
– Error correction through retransmission optimized for physical layer
– Sequence integrity
– Flow control
• PDCP Function (Layer-2U)
– Service specific. Exists only in the User Plane and only for services from PS
domain. Contains compression methods needed for better spectral efficiency
• RRC Functions:
– Broadcast of system information
– Radio Resource handling
– Control of requested QOS
– UE measurements reporting and control of the reporting

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W-CDMA Channel Architecture

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OBJECTIVE

• UMTS W-CDMA Channels Structure

• Map channels to radio interface protocol
stack

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CHANNELS OVERVIEW

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Gift ANALOGY

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Channel Overview Cont…

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UMTS RADIO INTERFACE CHANNELS

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LOGICAL CHANNELS

Traffic Channels - Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

- Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Control Channels - Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

- Common Control Channel (CCCH)
- Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
- Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

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TRANSPORT CHANNELS

Dedicated Channels - Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Common Channels - Random Access Channel (RACH)

- Forward Access Channel (FACH)
- Broadcast Channel (BCH)
- Paging Channel (PCH)

- Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

- Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
(CPCH & DSCH are optional channels and
are not supported in Lucent’s initial release)

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PHYSICAL CHANNELS

• Uplink
– Dedicated Channels
• Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
• Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
– Common Channels
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
• Downlink
– Dedicated Channel
• Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
– Common Channels
• Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
• Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
• Secondary Common Control Physical Channel(S-CCPCH)
• Synchronization Channel (SCH)
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
• Page Indication Channel (PICH)

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UMTS RADIO CHANNEL MAPPING

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels

P-SCH
Control Ch Common Ch (no FPC) Fixed Channels
S-SCH
Traffic Ch Common Ch (FPC) Info Channels
Dedicated Ch (FPC) P-CPICH Assoc Channels

S-CPICH
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
PCCH PCH PICH
CCCH FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH RACH PRACH
DCCH AICH
DTCH DCH DPDCH
DPCH
Key: Uplink DPCCH
Downlink
Bidirectional DSCH PDSCH
Data Transfer
CPCH PCPCH
Association

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W-CDMA PHYSICAL LAYER PROCESSING

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W-CDMA PHYSICAL LAYER PROCESSING

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W-CDMA PHYSICAL LAYER PROCESSING

• Protecting Data/User Information:

– Forward error correction mechanism are applied to allow adding information to the data
streams enabling receiver to correct the errors during decoding process.
– Achieved by digital coding techniques such as:
• Convolution coding:
– Can use ½ or 1/3 rating coders.
– Used for services 19.2Kbps or less e.g. Voice
• Turbo Coding:
– Uses two convolution coder working in parallel.
– Turbo coder defined as 1/3 rate.
– Additional processing relative to convolution coder.
– Added delay due to additional processing makes it perfect for non real-time
services such as WEB browsing.
– Used for services data rate 19.2Kbps or higher.
• Interleaving:
– Reorder original coded data streams to help error correction

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W-CDMA PHYSICAL LAYER PROCESSING

• Channel Separation
– Uses OVSF codes
– OVSF is applied to achieve 3.84Mcps
fixed channel rate
• Source Identification
– Scrambling codes are used for
Node-B and UE identification
– The set of scrambling codes are
known as Gold codes
– 2-24 Gold codes for UL (UE)
– 512 are assigned for DL(Node-B)

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