Electro-Magnetic Induction

David Hoult 2009

Magnetic flux

David Hoult 2009

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If the magnitude of the flux density is B then the

magnitude of the magnetic flux ( ) linked with the
area A is defined to be
David Hoult 2009

If the magnitude of the flux density is B then the

magnitude of the magnetic flux ( ) linked with the
area A is defined to be

= A B

David Hoult 2009

 = A B
units of flux

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 = A B
units of flux T m2

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 = A B
units of flux T m2
1 T m2 = 1 Weber (Wb)

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Now, the magnitude of the component of the flux

density perpendicular to the area is B cos

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Now, the magnitude of the component of the flux

density perpendicular to the area is B cos
so the magnetic flux ( ) linked with the area is now

= A B cos
alternatively

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In practice, the area in question is usually

surrounded by a conductor, often a coil of wire.

David Hoult 2009

In practice, the area in question is usually

surrounded by a conductor, often a coil of wire.
If the coil of wire has N turns, we define the flux
linkage as follows
David Hoult 2009

In practice, the area in question is usually

surrounded by a conductor, often a coil of wire.
If the coil of wire has N turns, we define the flux
linkage as follows
Flux linkage = N

David Hoult 2009

EMF induced in a conductor moving through a

uniform magnetic field

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The wire moves distance s in time t.

In this time, a charge q moves past any point in
the wire.

David Hoult 2009

The wire moves distance s in time t.

In this time, a charge q moves past any point in
the wire.
work done = F s

David Hoult 2009

The wire moves distance s in time t.

In this time, a charge q moves past any point in
the wire.
work done = F s
F s
work done per unit charge =
q

David Hoult 2009

The wire moves distance s in time t.

In this time, a charge q moves past any point in
the wire.
work done = F s
F s
work done per unit charge =
q
work done per unit charge is the induced emf

David Hoult 2009

If the wire moves at constant speed, the force F

must be

David Hoult 2009

If the wire moves at constant speed, the force F

must be equal but opposite to the force acting on
it due to the current I, induced in it

David Hoult 2009

If the wire moves at constant speed, the force F

must be equal but opposite to the force acting on
it due to the current I, induced in it
F = -ILB

David Hoult 2009

If the wire moves at constant speed, the force F

must be equal but opposite to the force acting on
it due to the current I, induced in it
F = -ILB
F s
E=
q

David Hoult 2009

If the wire moves at constant speed, the force F

must be equal but opposite to the force acting on
it due to the current I, induced in it
F = -ILB
F s
E=
q
-ILB s
E=
q

David Hoult 2009

I=

David Hoult 2009

I=

q
t

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I=

q
t

- (q/t) L B
E = s
q

and

David Hoult 2009

I=

q
t

- (q/t) L B
E = s
q

and
s
t

David Hoult 2009

I=

q
t

- (q/t) L B
E = s
q

and
s
t

= v

David Hoult 2009

I=

q
t

- (q/t) L B
E = s
q

and
s
t

= v

E = -BLv
David Hoult 2009

The Laws of Electro-magnetic Induction

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Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to

David Hoult 2009

Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to oppose the change
producing it

David Hoult 2009

Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to oppose the change
producing it
It should be clear that Lenzs law is an electromagnetic version of

David Hoult 2009

Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to oppose the change
producing it
It should be clear that Lenzs law is an electromagnetic version of the law of conservation of
energy

David Hoult 2009

Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to oppose the change
producing it

Faradays Law
The induced emf is directly proportional to the

David Hoult 2009

Lenzs Law
When e.m.i. occurs, any induced current will flow
in such a direction as to oppose the change
producing it

Faradays Law
The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate
of change of flux linking the conductor

David Hoult 2009

The sense of the induced current can be predicted

using Flemings RIGHT hand rule

David Hoult 2009

The sense of the induced current can be predicted

using Flemings RIGHT hand rule
which is pretty much like Flemings left hand rule

David Hoult 2009

The sense of the induced current can be predicted

using Flemings RIGHT hand rule
which is pretty much like Flemings left hand rule
except, guess what...

David Hoult 2009

The sense of the induced current can be predicted

using Flemings RIGHT hand rule
which is pretty much like Flemings left hand rule
except, guess what... using the right hand instead
of the left hand !

David Hoult 2009

ThuMb
Motion
First finger
Field

SeCond finger
Current

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Both the laws of e.m.i. can be combined in a single

mathematical statement

David Hoult 2009

Both the laws of e.m.i. can be combined in a single

mathematical statement
Faraday

David Hoult 2009

Both the laws of e.m.i. can be combined in a single

mathematical statement
Faraday
E

David Hoult 2009

Both the laws of e.m.i. can be combined in a single

mathematical statement
Faraday
E

Faraday + Lenz

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Both the laws of e.m.i. can be combined in a single

mathematical statement
Faraday
E

Faraday + Lenz
E -

David Hoult 2009

Using the S.I. system of units the constant of

proportionality is 1 so, if (as is often the case) the
conductor is a coil of wire having N turns, we have

David Hoult 2009

Using the S.I. system of units the constant of

proportionality is 1 so, if (as is often the case) the
conductor is a coil of wire having N turns, we have

E = -N

David Hoult 2009

Using the S.I. system of units the constant of

proportionality is 1 so, if (as is often the case) the
conductor is a coil of wire having N turns, we have

E = -N

This equation is often referred to as Neumanns

Law
David Hoult 2009

For a wire moving at 90 to a field with speed v, the

induced emf is given by

David Hoult 2009

For a wire moving at 90 to a field with speed v, the

induced emf is given by E = - B L v

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E = -BLv

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E = -BLv = -BL

s
t

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E = -BLv = -BL

s
t

= -B

A
t

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E = -BLv = -BL

s
t

= -B

A
t

=-

David Hoult 2009

E = -BLv = -BL

s
t

= -B

A
t

=-

This suggests that change of flux linking a

conductor and flux cutting by a conductor are
David Hoult 2009
equivalent actions

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

Flemings right hand rule gives the sense of the
current to be...

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

Flemings right hand rule gives the sense of the
current to be...
which means that, at the instant shown in the
diagram, terminal Q is the positive terminal of the
generator

David Hoult 2009

Simple a.c. generator

Flemings right hand rule gives the sense of the
current to be
which means that, at the instant shown in the
diagram, terminal Q is the positive terminal of the
generator
When the coil has turned through 180, P will be
the positive terminal so the generator gives us
alternating current

David Hoult 2009

The Transformer

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weak induced
alternating emf

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iron core

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The Ideal Transformer

If a transformer is described as ideal we mean it is
100% efficient

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

If a transformer is described as ideal we mean it is
100% efficient
In other words, power output (at secondary coil)
equals power input (to primary coil)

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

Therefore, in an ideal transformer:

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

Therefore, in an ideal transformer:
i) the coils have zero resistance

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

Therefore, in an ideal transformer:
i) the coils have zero resistance
ii) all the magnetic flux produced by the primary
current Ip is linked with the secondary coil

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

Therefore, in an ideal transformer:
i) the coils have zero resistance
ii) all the magnetic flux produced by the primary
current Ip is linked with the secondary coil
iii) no current flows in the iron core

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

When Ip changes, changes.

David Hoult 2009

The Ideal Transformer

When Ip changes, changes.

When changes, an emf is induced in both coils.
David Hoult 2009

At the primary coil, the magnitude of the induced

emf is given by

David Hoult 2009

At the primary coil, the magnitude of the induced

emf is given by

Ep = - Np
t

David Hoult 2009

At the primary coil, the magnitude of the induced

emf is given by

Ep = - Np
t
as we are assuming zero resistance coils, the
supply voltage must also have this magnitude in
order to maintain the flow of current

David Hoult 2009

At the primary coil, the induced emf is given by

Ep = - Np

as we are assuming zero resistance coils, the

supply voltage must also have this magnitude in
order to maintain the flow of current
At the secondary coil, the magnitude of the
induced emf is given by

Es = - Ns
t
David Hoult 2009

Ep
Es

Np
Ns

David Hoult 2009

Ep
Es

Np
Ns

here we are assuming that is the same for both

coils

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in =

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in = Ep Ip

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in = Ep Ip
The power output from the secondary coil is given
by
power out =

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in = Ep Ip
The power output from the secondary coil is given
by
power out = Es Is

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in = Ep Ip
The power output from the secondary coil is given
by
power out = Es Is
as we are considering an ideal transformer

David Hoult 2009

The power input to the primary coil is given by

power in = Ep Ip
The power output from the secondary coil is given
by
power out = Es Is
as we are considering an ideal transformer
Ep Ip = Es Is

David Hoult 2009

Ep Ip = Es Is
Therefore, with an ideal transformer, when the
secondary coil is open circuit (not connected to
anything), there is no net energy taken from the
supply.

David Hoult 2009

Ep Ip = Es Is
Therefore, with an ideal transformer, when the
secondary coil is open circuit (not connected to
anything), there is no net energy taken from the
supply.
Energy is stored in the magnetic field during the
time the current is increasing but is recovered
from the field when it collapses.

David Hoult 2009

Transmission of Electrical Energy

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If the voltage across the bulb is 6V the current will

be

David Hoult 2009

If the voltage across the bulb is 6V the current will

be 1A

David Hoult 2009

If the voltage across the bulb is 6V the current will

be 1A
Power wasted in R = R I2 = R
David Hoult 2009

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If the voltage across the bulb is still 6V the current

flowing through the bulb is still 1A

David Hoult 2009

If the step down transformer is 100% efficient the

current flowing through R is

David Hoult 2009

If the step down transformer is 100% efficient the

current flowing through R is 1/8 A

David Hoult 2009

If the step down transformer is 100% efficient the

current flowing through R is 1/8 A
Power wasted in R = R I2 =
David Hoult 2009

If the step down transformer is 100% efficient the

current flowing through R is 1/8 A
R
Power wasted in R = R I =
64
2

David Hoult 2009

64 times less energy wasted !

David Hoult 2009