OVERVIEW:-

AASHTO Code Specifications for Bridge Girder

Analysis.
Loads and Load Combinations considered.
Modeling in STAAD Pro and Results.
Design of Plate Girder and components using IS
800.

AASHTO CODE SPECIFICATIONS

 The design loading is designated as HL-93 vehicular loading ( H stands

for
Highway, L stands for Loading, and was proposed in the year 1993.)
Components of HL -93 loading are :-

(a) A vehicle, either a 72-kips (8 kip-32kip-32kip) three axle design truck

i.e.
HS20-44 OR 50-kip design tandem.
(b) A 0.64-kip/ft uniformly distributed lane load
(Article 3.6.1.2.1 of AASHTO LRFD 6TH
Edition)

 The design is to be performed as per the Strength 1 Load Combination

(unless otherwise specified) which represents the random traffic and heaviest
truck to cross the bridge in its 75-year life time. During this live-load event, a
significant wind is not considered probable.
Load Combination :- Strength I-- 1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL+IM)

Serviceability II-- DC + DW + 1.30(LL+IM)

DESIGN TRUCK

The axle length is varied

from 14 (4.3m) to 30
(9.3m)

CONTD.
Design Tandem : The design tandem consists of a pair of 25-kip axles spaced at 4.0 ft apart.

The transverse spacing of wheels shall be taken as 6.0 ft apart. Also , a

dynamic load allowance must be considered.
(Article 3.6.2 of AASHTO LRFD 6th Edition)
Design Lane Load : Design lane load shall consist of a UDL of 0.64 kip/ft in longitudinal direction,

distributed over a width of 10.0 ft.

LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

 Unless otherwise specified, the extreme force effect shall be taken as the larger of

(a) The effect of design tandem combined with the effect of design lane
load of 0.64 kip/ft
(b) The effect of one design truck with the variable axle spacing as per
Article 3.6.1.2.2
For negative moment between points of contraflexure under a uniform load on all

spans, and reaction at interior piers, 90% of the effect of two trucks spaced at a
min. distance of 50ft between the lead axle of one truck and the rear axle of
another truck, along with 90% of lane load. The distance between 32-kip axles
shall be taken as 14.0 ft. The two trucks shall be placed in adjacent spans to produce
extreme force effect.

 Following loads are considered for the analysis

(1) DC : Dead load of all the components, structural and non-structural

(a) Component dead loads associated with non composite sections
include
weight of the girder, weight of wet concrete, forms and other
construction
loads
(b) Component dead loads associated with composite sections include
weight
of the railing, curb, sidewalk etc.

CONTD.
(2) DW : Dead load due to the wearing surfaces
(3) LL : Lane Loading of 0.64 kip/ft distributed uniformly
(4) IM : Dynamic load allowance due to perturbations, depressions, potholes, unevenness in the

surface etc (For Strength 1 limit state condition, 33% allowance is prescribed by AASHTO)

ANALYSIS

Bending moment and Shear force envelopes were

developed for the following cases:
1. Single Truck + Lane load
2. Two trucks at spacing of 50ft + Lane load
3. Tandem axle + Lane load
4. Lane load moving along span.

SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM LOAD

COMBINATIONS:-

Table: Showing the absolute max. BM and Shear for Load cases
Bending moments KN/m
Shear forces - KN

STAAD RESULTS
STAAD results for some cases are shown:

ST = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
9.3 = Axle Spacing
BM=Bending Moment
Bending Moment for ST_LR_9.3_BM

ST = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
9.3 = Axle Spacing
SF=Shear Force

ST_LR_9.3_SF

DT = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
4.3 = Axle Spacing
BM=Bending Moment

DT_LR_4.3_BM

DT = Double truck
LR = Left to Right
4.3 = Axle Spacing
SF=Shear Force
DT_LR_4.3_SF

BM envelope for Tandem axle

SF envelope for Tandem axle

DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER AND COMPONENTS

 Plate Girder and its components were designed using Simple Post

critical method.
And checked for strength and serviceability criteria.
Loads are given below:
Factored dead load = 1.25(DC)+1.5(DW)
Live Load = 1.5( Vehicle Load)
Factored Bending Moment from analysis = 2270 KN-m
Factored Shear force from analysis = 1100 KN.

STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS : Estimate the dead load, live load, moving loads on the girder. From the strength 1

requirements, find out the load combination. Extract the demands for maximum
shear force and maximum bending moment in the plate girder
Calculate the optimum thickness and depth of the web. Check the web thickness

as per Cl. 8.6.1.1 and 8.6.1.2 of IS 800: 2007 and adopt a suitable thickness of
web
Select suitable flange plate thickness and width (approx. 0.3 times the depth of
web). Check for satisfying the requirements of section classification (as per Table
2 of IS 800: 2007)
Check for moment capacity. In the following case, it is assumed that the girder is
laterally restrained, so that the lateral torsional buckling is eliminated, and will
not govern the design.

STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS (CONTD.) :-

Check for the shear resistance of the web. IS 800: 2007 suggested the use of

either Simple post critical method (Cl. 8.4.2.2 (a)) or the use of Tension Field
Action (Cl. 8.4.2.2 (b))
Design of the connection between flange plate and web plate
Design of the bearing stiffeners and their connections
Design of load carrying stiffeners and their connections, if required
Design of intermediate stiffeners and their connections, if required
Design of web and flange splices

SECTION LAYOUT OF PLATE GIRDER

DESIGNED:-

The designed Plate Girder is shown below: