Biosintesis dan katabolisme

asam amino

- Katabolisme asama amino

- Eliminasi ion amonium
- Asam amino sebagai precursor senyawa lain

Contoh proses biosintesis asam amino esential

Biosintesis glisin
H
N

COO
+H3N

CH2OH

Serin

COO

CH2

H
N
H

H
N

CH2

+H3N

C
H

H2N

Tetrahidrofolat

Glisin

CH2

H
N

CH2

CH2 N

N,N-metilen
tetrahidrofolat

Katabolisme protein
Protein yang dikonsumsi berlebih dalam
tubuh tidak dapat dideposit, kecuali pada
tanaman
Asam amino untuk proses katabolisme
dapat berasal dari proses daur ulang
protein di dalam tubuh
Pada keadaan kelaparan atau diabetes
yang tidak terkontrol maka protein akan
terdegradasi dan asam amino akan
digunakan sebagai sumber energi

Katabolisme asam amino

Protein intraselular

Protein dari diet

Asam amino bebas

Deaminasi ( proses transaminasi)

Glukosa

Asam a-keto

NH4+

Siklus
asam sitrat
Siklus urea &
Ekskresi
Respirasi
e- + 1/2 O2 + ADP + Pi

H2O + ATP

Biosintesis

Asam amino dan siklus

asam sitrat

Reaksi pembentukan Keton-bodies

Reaksi ketogenesis yang terjadi

bila acetil-Co A menumpuk dan
tidak teroksidasi.

Enzim tiolase mengkatalisis

reaksi pembentukan
Asetoasetil-Co A.

Katabolisme asam amino yang bercabang

COO

COO
H3N

H3C

CH

branch-chain
aminotransferase

a - KG

Glu

C
H3C

CH3

valine

H3C

CH

branch-chain
aminotransferase

a - KG

Glu

C
H3C

CH
CH3

CoASH

CO2

SCoA
C

H3C

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

COO

COO
C
CH2
H3C

H3 C

isoleucine

H3N

COO

COO

SCoA

CH

CH3

H3N

CH
CH3
leucine

branch-chain
aminotransferase

a - KG

branch-chain
a =keto acid
dehidrogenase
complex

O
C

CH2

Glu

H3C

CH

SCoA
CH2

H3 C

CH

CH3

CH3

a -keto acid

Derivat Asetil CoA

Katabolisme fenilalanin dan tirosin

NADH

H
CH2 C COO

Phenylalanine
hydroxylase

H
HO

CH2 C COO
NH3

NH3
O2

phenylalanine

H2O

tyrosine
aminotransferase

O
fumarate
acetoacetate

H
OOC C C
H

OOC C C
H H

C
O

CH2 C

HO

CH2 COO

O
4-fumarylacetoacetate

CH2 C

CH2 COO

CH2 C COO
p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate

homogentisate
oxidase

HO

OH
CH2 COO

4-maleylacetoacetate
homogentisate

Eliminasi ion amonium

NADH + H+ + NH4+

Ketoglutarat

Asam amino

Glutamat dehidrogenase

Aminotransferase

Asam a -keto

NAD+ + H2O

Glutamat

OH

NH4+

HO
NH2

H2N
Urea

Ion amonium

C
C

uric acid
(enol form)

N
C OH
N
H

Siklus UREA

Urea Cycle
Ammonia is a universal participant in amino acid synthesis and degradation,
but its accumulation has toxic consequences. Because terrestrial animals
must conserve water, they convert ammonia to a form that can be excreted
without large water losses. Birds, terrestrial reptiles, and insects convert most
of their excess ammonia to uric acid, an oxidized purine. Most mammals
excrete the bulk of their nitrogen as urea.
Urea is synthesized in mammals almost exclusively in the liver and then
transported to the kidneys for excretion.
The net reaction for one turn of the urea cycle is
CO2 + NH4+ + 3 ATP + Aspartate + 2H2O Urea + 2 ADP + 2 Pi +AMP +
PPi + Fumarate
Because it takes 2 ATP to regenerate one ATP from one AMP, four high
energy phosphates are consumed in each turn of the cycle. Thus, synthesis
of urea is energetically expensive.

Transport ammonia ke hepar untuk sintesis urea

Sintesis pigmen kulit dari tirosin

O2

H2O

HO

H
HO

CH2 C

H
COO

HO

Tirosinase

NH3
tyrosine

CH2 C

COO

NH3

Dopa

O2

Tirosinase
H2O
O
H
O

Polimeric
Black Melanine

CH2 C

COO

NH3
Dopaquinone

O
O

HO

Tirosinase
N
H

Indole-5,6-quinone

COO

HO
2H2O

2O2

HO

N
H

5,6-Dihydroxyindole

HO
CO2

N
H

Leucodopachrome

COO

Tirosin sebagai precursor senyawa amina biologis

O2

H
HO

CH2 C

COO

HO

H2O

H
HO

Tirosinase

CH2 C

COO

NH3

NH3

Dopa

Tyrosine
CO2
HO

H
HO

CH2 C
NH3

O2

HO

HO

H
HO

OH

NH2 CH3

HO
SAH

H2O
CH

OH

NH3

SAM

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

I
O

Dopamin

CH

HO

H
CH2 C

I
Thyroxine

COO

NH3

Degradasi purin dari AMP-siklis menjadi asam urat dan urat

N
HC

N
AMP

C
C

NH2
N

HN
CH

HC

N
Ribose

C
C

HN
CH

HC

CH

N
N
H
Hypoxanthine

N
Ribose

HMP

xanthine
oxidase

O
C

HN
O

uric acid
(keto form)

H
N

C O

N
H

HN

N
H

xanthine
oxidase

C
O

C
C

N
H

N
CH
O

N
H

Xanthine

HN
HC

OH
N
HO

C
C

uric acid
(enol form)

C OH
N
H

HO

N
N

Allopurinol

OH

C
C

urate

N
C O
N
H

N
H

Uric Acid
Ammonia is a universal participant in amino acid synthesis
and degradation, but its accumulation has toxic
consequences. Because terrestrial animals must conserve
water, they convert ammonia to a form that can be
excreted without large water losses. Birds, terrestrial
reptiles, and insects convert most of their excess ammonia
to uric acid, an oxidized purine. Most mammals excrete
the bulk of their nitrogen as urea.