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Made by :Uttam Kumar.
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Types of charges
There are two types of charges : Positive charge :- These are made of
sub atomic particle proton.
Negative charge :- These are made
of negative sub atomic particle
electron.
Insulators
These substance have
the property to
obstruct the flow of
electricity.
These do not have
free electrons present
in them.
Example Rubber
Insulation.
Electric potential
When a small electric charge is
placed in the electric field due to
another charge, it experiences a
force. So, work has to be done on the
positive charge to move it against
this force of repulsion.
The electric potential is defined as
the work done in moving a unit
positive charge fro infinity to that
point.
Potential Difference
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to
that of the electric field. A small charge placed
within an electric field experiences a force, and to
have brought that charge to that point against the
force requireswork. The electric potential at any
point is defined as the energy required to bring a
unit test charge from aninfinite distanceslowly to
that point.
It is usually measured involts, and one volt is the
potential for which onejouleof work must be
expended to bring a charge of onecoulombfrom
infinity.
Potential
difference =
or,
V= .
Voltmeter
Avoltmeteris an
instrument used
for
measuringelectric
al
potentialdifference
between two points
in an electric
circuit.
Voltmeter has a
high resistance so
that it takes
Electric Current
The
movement of electric charge is known
as anelectric current, the intensity of which
is usually measured inamperes. Current can
consist of any moving charged particles;
most commonly these are electrons, but any
charge in motion constitutes a current.
1 ampere = .
Ammeter
Anammeteris
ameasuring
instrumentused to
measure theelectric
currentin acircuit.
Electric currents are
measured
inamperes(A),
hence the name.
An ammeter should
have a very low
resistance so that it
Circuit Diagram
We know that an electric circuit, as shown in Fig.
12.1, comprises a cell(or a battery), a plug key,
electrical component(s), and connecting wires. It is
often convenient to draw a schematic diagram, in
which different components of the circuit are
represented by the symbols conveniently used.
Conventional symbols used to represent some of the
most commonly used electrical components.
Georg Ohm
Georg Simon Ohm(16 March
1789 6 July 1854) was
aGermanphysicistand
mathematician. As a school
teacher, Ohm began his research
with the newelectrochemical cell,
invented by Italian
scientistAlessandro Volta. Using
equipment of his own creation,
Ohm found that there is a direct
proportionality between the
potential difference (voltage)
applied across a conductor and the
resultantelectric current. This
relationship is known asOhm's law.
Ohms Law
Ohms Law explains the relationship
between voltage (V or E), current (I)
and resistance (R)
Used by electricians, automotive
technicians, stereo installers.
According to Ohms law : At constant
temperature, the current flowing
through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential
difference across its end.
According
to Ohms law:
VI
or, V= R x I.
where R is constant resistance of the
conductor.
This can also be written as
or, I = .
So,
Current, I = .
Therefore,
i. The current is directly proportional to
potential difference.
ii. The current is inversely proportional to
resistance.
Resistance
An electron traveling through the wires and loads of the
external circuit encounters resistance.Resistanceis
the hindrance to the flow of charge. For an electron,the
journey from terminal to terminal is not a direct route.
Rather, it is a zigzag path that results from countless
collisions with fixed atoms within the conducting
material. The electrons encounter resistance - a
hindrance to their movement.
The S.I. unit of resistance is ohms ().
Resistivity
It has been found by experiments that :
The resistivity of a given of conductor is
directly proportional to its length.
R l ..(1)
The resistivity of a given conductor is inversely
proportional to its area of cross section.
R 1/A (2)
Combining (1) and (2), we get :
R l/A
R = .(3)
Where
p(rho) is a constant known as resistivity of
the material.
The resistivity of a substance is numerically equal
to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is
1 meter long and 1 square meter in cross section.
Resistivity, p = .
The unit of resistance R is ohm.
The unit of area of cross-section A is (meter) 2.
The unit of length l is meter.
putting these unit in the above equation
p=.
p = ohm-meter.
The S.I. unit of resistivity is ohm-meter (m)
Combination of Resistors
Resistors can be combined in two
ways
i. In series.
ii.In parallel.
Resistors in Series
When two (or more) resistors are
connected end to end consecutively,
they are said to be connected in
series.
According to the law of combination
of resistance in series: The
combined resistance of any
number of resistances connected
in series is equal to the sum of
the individual resistances.
Resistors in Parallel
When two (or more) resistors are connected between
the same points, they are said to be connected in
parallel.
According to the law of combination of resistance in
parallel: The reciprocal of the combined
resistance of any number of resistances
connected in parallel is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances.
1/R= 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3+..
When a number of resistances are connected in
parallel then their combined resistance is less than
the smallest individual resistance.
Overall resistance of
household circuit is
reduced due to which the
current from power supply
Series connection
If one electric appliance stop
working due to some defect, then
all other appliances stop working.
All the electric appliances have
only one switch due to which they
cannot be turned on or off
separately.
In series circuit, the appliances do
not get same voltage (220 V) as
that of the power supply line.
In series circuit the overall
resistance of the circuit increases
due to which the current from the
power source is low.
Let
An electric current I is flowing through a resistor
having resistance equal to R.
The potential difference through the resistor is
equal to V.
The charge Q flows through the circuit for the time
t.
Thus, work done in moving of charge Q of
potential difference V = VQ
Since, this charge Q flows through the circuit for
time t,
Electric Energy
H = I2 Rt gives the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an
electric circuit. This is also termed as electric power. The power P is given by
P = VI
Or P = I2R = V2/R
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the power consumed by a device
that carries 1 A of current when operated at a potential difference of 1 V. Thus,
1 W = 1 volt 1 ampere = 1 V A
The unit watt is very small. Therefore, in actual practice we use a much larger
unit called kilowatt. It is equal to 1000 watts. Since electrical energy is the
product of power and time, the unit of electric energy is, therefore, watt hour (W
h). One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is used for 1
hour. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly
known as unit.
1 kW h = 1000 watt 3600 second
= 3.6 106 watt second
= 3.6 106 joule (J)