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Objectives
At the end of the lesson students
can:
1. Identify the characteristics of normal
curve;
2. Compute for the value of the zscores; and
3. Interpret the results of the values
computed in response to the
problem computed
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of some human abilities and
characteristics such as mental ability tends to follow
a certain specific shape called the normal
distribution.
When the distribution is normal, most of the
observations (about 68%) tend to converge at the
middle of the observation and the rest are distributed
to the left and right ends of the distribution.
The normal curve is bell-shaped.
In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode
values are equal and coincide at one point when the
graph is drawn.
XX =
md=mo
1
e (1/2 )z
2
where: z is the z-score
the population standard
deviation
Population standard deviation formula:
N = (x
Y-Values
68
%
50
40
95
%
30
99Y-Values
%
20
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
Z-scores
A distribution which is not normal can be normalized
by changing all the scores in the distribution into the
z-scores.
The graph using z-scores as points is a normal curve.
The total area under a normal curve is 1.
At the vertex of the normal curve lie the mean,
median and mode values..
Since it is a bell-shaped, the right and left side of the
curve are symmetrical with respect to a vertical
axis.
The area of the curve to the right of the vertical axis
is 0.5 and the area under normal curve to the left is
also 0.5.
Z-scores
The z-score of 0 lies at the vertex.
All z-scores to the right side are positive
and those at the left side are negative.
The formula of z-score:
z= x
where: z = z-score
x = score
= population standard deviation
= mean
Exercise
1. Convert the following scores to zscores where = 75 and = 3.
a) 75
b) 80
c) 58
Exercise
2. The following are the scores of 27 students in a biology quiz:
12 10 9 10 12 15 15 16
15 20 22 23 10 12 10 14
16 17 18 20 20 21 10 12
23 10 10
a)Convert scores into z-scores using = 14.9 and = 4.5.
b)What percent of the class obtained scores higher than 20?
c)How many students obtained a score less than 20?
d)How many students scored between 10 and 20?
e)How many students scored between 20 and 23?
3. What is the z-score that marks the upper 33% of the area
under normal curve?
score
Z-score
Area
-1.31
0.4049
10
-1.09
0.3621
12
-0.64
0.2389
14
-0.20
0.0793
15
0.02
0.0080
16
0.24
0.0948
17
0.47
0.1808
18
0.69
0.2549
20
1.13
0.3708
21
1.36
0.4131
22
1.58
0.4429
23
1.80
0.4641
Answer
Given:
= 14.9
= 4.5
Questions
How many percent of students
scored between 9 and 15?
How many students scored between
9 and 15?
z=0
Area
covered by
the
percentage
of the
students
scored
higher than
20
EXERCISES
1. Convert the following scores to z-scores if the
mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 10.
a.
b.
c.
d.
76
40
50
10
QUIZ
1. A statistics professor reported that
of the 30 students who took the
quiz, the mean score is 72 and the
standard deviation is 6.
a. What is the percentage of students who
obtained a score less than 75?
b. How many students got a score higher
than 80?
c. How many percent of students got a
score between 75 and 90?
SKEWNESS
Objectives
At the end of the lesson students
can:
1. Identify the characteristics of
skewness;
2. Compute for the value of the
skewness: and
3. Interpret the results of the values
computed in response to the
problem computed
Skewness (Sk)
It refers to the symmetry or asymmetry
of a frequency distribution and its
measure can be obtained by using the
formula:
Sk = 3 (xX- Md)
s
If the values of the mean and the
median are equal, the distribution is
normal and the graph is bell-shaped
curve.
Types of Skewness
1. If the observations are concentrated at the
left side of the vertical axis and has fewer
observations at the right, it is called
positively skewed distribution.
the mean is higher than the median
Example: marrying age of women
Example
1. Calculate the degree of skewness of
a distribution if the mean is 45, the
median is 40, and the standard
deviation is 5. Graph and describe
the skewness.
Exercise
Find the degree of skewness of the
scores of students in a Statistics
Exam. Graph and describe
the
result
Scores
f
91 95
86 90
81 85
15
76 80
20
71 75
18
66 70
13
61 - 65
QUIZ
1. Calculate the degree of
skewness in a
distribution if the mean
is 45, the median is 40,
and the standard
deviation is 5.
2. Referring to the table
on the right, find the
degree of skewness for
the of the scores of
students in Math 150.
Describe the graph
formed.
SCORE
S
60-64
f
4
65-69
70-74
10
75--79
14
80-84
12
85-89
90-94
KURTOSIS
Objectives
At the end of the lesson students
can:
1. Identify the characteristics of
kurtosis;
2. Compute for the value of the
kurtosis of a given data; and
3. Interpret the results of the values
computed in response to the
problem computed
Kurtosis (Ku)
The degree of peakedness or flatness
of the curve.
This also known as the percentile
coefficient of kurtosis.
Formula: Ku = QD/PR
where: QD = quartile deviation
PR = Percentile Range
Kurtosis (Ku)
QD = (Q - Q) / 2
PR = P - P
When the value of Ku is:
a. Equal to 0.263, the curve is a normal
curve or mesokurtic.
b. Greater than 0.263, the curve is
leptokurtic or thin.
c. Less than 0.263, the curve is
platykurtic or flat.
Exercise
Find the degree of kurtosis of the
scores of students in a Statistics
Exam. Graph and describe
the
result
Scores
f
91 95
86 90
81 85
15
76 80
20
71 75
18
66 70
13
61 - 65
seatwork
1. Calculate the
percentile
coefficient of
Kurtosis for the
scores of students
in Math 150.
Graph and
interpret.
SCORE
S
60-64
f
4
65-69
70-74
10
75--79
14
80-84
12
85-89
90-94
Quiz
2. Determine the degree of skewness
and kurtosis of the given data and
interpret the result.
Anxiety level of Students During the
Exam
Level
15 19
10 14
59
0-4
Frequency
25
34
40
32