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Introduction to Irrigation Design

Sprinklers uniform application over entire


area lawns

Micro sprays Water uniformly over small


areas

Drip Trickle specific area shrubs

Plants need water for


Cooling evaporation and
transpiration use energy results ins
cooling plants
Nutrient transport
Dispersion of plant expelled waste

Site Information needed


Soil texture, profile and infiltration rate
Water source quantity and pressure,
quality, cost
Layout of site areas to be irrigated,
elevations
Plants to be irrigated
Rainfall and ET rates
Budget

Water Conservation

Potable to effluent
Irrigation scheduling

Steps to develop plan


1. Obtaining site information
2. Determining the irrigation requirement
3. Determining water and power supply
4. Selecting sprinklers and other equipment
5. Lateral layout (or circuiting sprinklers),
locating valves and main lines
6. Sizing pipe and valves and calculating total
system pressure loss
7. Locating controllers and sizing wire
8. Preparing the final irrigation plan

Site Plan
A site plan is a scaled drawing of the areas that
are impacted by the irrigation system.
Before going through the effort of creating a site
plan yourself, check to see if a plan already
exists.
If the site being designed falls within city
boundary, there may be a site plan or survey on
record at the city or county planning/zoning
department.

Site plan
Locate all buildings, walkways, driveways,
parking areas, light or utility poles, retaining
walls
Indicate where there are slopes and in which
direction and how steeply the ground slopes.
Locate all trees and shrub areas and pinpoint
the plant material on the drawing.
soil type
Location of any new planting areas and the
types of vegetation that these areas will contain.

Available Soil Water


Soil absorbs and holds water in much the same
way as a sponge.
A given texture and volume of soil will hold a
given amount of moisture.
The intake rate of the soil will influence the rate
at which water can be applied.
The ability of soil to hold moisture, and amount
of moisture it can hold, will greatly affect the
irrigation operational schedule

Soil moisture
Hygroscopic water is moisture that is
held too tightly in the soil to be used by
plants.
Capillary water is moisture that is held in
the pore spaces of the soil and can be
used by plants.
Gravitational water drains rapidly from
the soil and is not readily available to be
used by plants.

Source: USGS Basic Ground-Water Hydrology - Heath

Source: USGS Basic Ground-Water Hydrology - Heath

Source: USGS Basic Ground-Water Hydrology - Heath

Source: USGS Basic Ground-Water Hydrology - Heath

Source: USGS Basic Ground-Water Hydrology - Heath

Soil moisture
The permanent wilting point represents the
boundary between capillary water and hygroscopic
water.
Because hygroscopic water is not usable by plants,
continuous soil moisture levels below the
permanent wilting point will result in the damage or
death of the plants.
Field capacity represents the boundary between
gravitational water and capillary water. It is the
upper limit for soil moisture that is usable by plants.

Available Water
Soil Texture

Range

Average

in./in.

in./in.

0.04-0.08

0.06

0.06-0.10

0.08

0.10-0.15

0.13

0.13-0.19

0.16

0.15-0.21

0.18

0.13-0.21

0.17

Very coarse-textured sands and


fine sands
Coarse-textured loamy sands
and loamy fine sands
Moderately coarse-textured
sandy loams and fine sandy loams
Medium textured very fine sandy loams,
loam and silt loams
Moderately fine-textured sandy clay loams,
clay loams, and silty clay loams
Fine-textured sandy clays, silty clays,
and clay

Reference: USDA, NRCS, Engineering Field Manual

Available for each soil group by soil horizon from


NRCS Soil Surveys

Source: NRCS

Water needs
Soil AW (inches/foot or inches/inch) = Field
Capacity (FC) Wilting Point (WP)
For specific plant AW (in) = (soil AW) X
Rooting Depth
Readily available water = plant AW X Allowable
Depletion (use 50 % if not provided)
Irrigation interval = AW X AD/ usage per day
Efficiency = net water to root zone/gross water
applied to system

Reference Evapotranspiration
ETo or potential evapotanspiration represents a
well watered, fully developed plant such as
grass
Reference evapotranspiration is multiplied by a
crop coefficient to obtain the ET rate for a
specific crop
The crop coefficient varies throughout the
growing season
For Example Corn at 20% = 0.67 at 50%=1

Estimates of ET

Max and min temperatures


Relative humidly
Wind
Net radiation
Modified Penman to estimate ETo
U of Wisconsin web site

http://www.soils.wisc.edu/wimnext/et/miet.html

Precipitation Rates
P = q/A
Units MUST be consistent. For:
P = precipitation rate (in/hr)
q = flow onto area (gal/min)
A = area (ft)
P = 96.3 q/A

Precipitation Rate Importance


Do not want to apply water faster than
the soil can absorb it
We need to know the time required to
apply the correct amount of water

Sprinkler Irrigation
Uniform application by overlapping
non-uniform wetting paterns
Sprinkler spray heads no moving
parts - small area pop up
Microsprays overhead small area
Rotary Sprinklers Impact or gear
driven

Rotary Sprinklers uniform application


over entire area lawns

Micro sprays Water


uniformly over small areas

Drip Trickle specific area shrubs

Technical Information
Nozzle - removable
controls velocity and flow
Operating Pressure inc
pressure inc water flow
and change wetting
pattern
Radius of Throw
furthest point
Water Distribution
Patterns
Trajectory angle

Spray Heads
Technical Information operating
pressure, flow, radius of throw, and
nozzle options
Fixed head
Rotary Motor-driven
Rotary Impact
Bubbles

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