EFFECT OF SURFACE TEXTURES ON PARALLEL

SLIDING SURFACES
Presented by
Syed Ismail
Under the guidance of
Prof Mihir Sarangi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
STATE OF THE ART
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
MESH CONVERGENCE AND VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL SOLUTION
EFFECT OF SQUARE-SHAPED TEXTURE INCLUDING FLUID INERTIA
COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES
EFFECT OF MULTI-TEXTURES ON PARALLEL SLIDING SURFACES
CONCLUSION
FUTURE PLAN OF THE WORK
REFERENCES
2

INTRODUCTION
Different methods to improve Tribological performance characteristics
Lubricant density change, face waviness, radial taper, hydropads, lobes and surface roughness
What is meant by Micro-Texture?
Deterministic micro textures are the surface features that have specific
pattern in terms of shape, size, orientation and distribution.
What is the importance of Micro-Texture?
To improve the Tribological performance characteristics.
Different applications of Micro-Texture?
Cylinder liner honing to prevent seizers, surfaces of modern magnetic
storage devices, MEMS(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices,
Mechanical seals
3

INTRODUCTION
Different types of surface textures?

Negative Asperities

Positive Asperities

Importance of fluid inertia effect?

Rapid change in the cross-section, Synthetic Oil, Super-laminar
(Turbulent) flow.

STATE OF THE
ART
Hamilton et.al (1968)

Effect of surface irregularities on face seals

I Etsion et al., (1999)

Analytically and experimentally investigate

the effect of depth over diameter ratio of
the pore on laser-textured mechanical face
seal

Y Kligerman and I Etsion (2001) Effect of micro-pores on circumferential gas

seal using finite element model
R B Siripuram and L S Stephens Effect of positive and negative asperities on
(2004) hydrodynamic lubrication of different shapes
by varying asperity size and orientation

STATE OF THE
ART
I Etsion et al., (2004)

Experimentally investigate the effect of partial

textured surface over un-textured surface of
parallel thrust bearing

Ramin Rahmani et al., (2007) Studied the optimum geometrical parameters

of square dimples on parallel thrust bearing
using 1D Reynolds equation
Haiwu Yu et al., (2010)

Theoretically finds the effect of shape and

orientation of dimples between conformal
contacting surfaces

Chien-Hsin Chen et al.,

(1989)

Numerically analyzed the effect of fluid inertia

on the operating characteristics of finite journal
bearings
6

STATE OF THE
ART
M B Dobrica and M Fillon
(2007)

Analyzed the validity of Reynolds equation

and inertia effect in textured slider of
infinite width
T A Stolarski, Wei chai (2008)
Analyzed the effect of fluid inertia in
squeeze
film air contact
S Cupillard et al., (2009)
Analyzed the effect of fluid inertia in
textured
parallelAnalyzed
slider the effect of fluid inertia in
Jing Han et al., (2010)
textured
parallel slider using three-dimensional CFD

OBJECTIVES
Effect of different shapes, size and orientation of positive and negative
textures which can vary the performance characteristics of sliding contacts.

Square/Rectangular

Circular

Hexagonal

Triangular

Dome

Ellipsoidal

OBJECTIVES
Effect of fluid inertia on textured sliding contacts by two methods
1. Perturbation method
2. Velocity profile method
Effect of Multi-textures in transverse direction for both positive and
negative textures.

THEORY

THEORY OF SURFACE TEXTURE

10

THEORY
The film thickness between the parallel surfaces for the positive
textures is

C hg

above the protrusion

elsewhere

The film thickness between the parallel surfaces for the negative
textures is

above the Recess

elsewhere

C hg

The non-dimensional quantities are

hg
h
h , hg
C
C
11

THEORY
In Non-dimensional form
1 hg

above the protrusion

elsewhere

1 hg
1

above the Recess

elsewhere

12

THEORY
THEORY OF FLUID INERTIA EFFECT

Modified Navier-Stokes equation including the fluid inertia effect is

u
u
u
u
p
u

u v w
x
y
z
x y y
t
p
0
y
w
w
w
w
p
w

u
v
w
x
y
z
z y
y
t
and the Continuity equation is

u v w

0
t
x
y
z
13

THEORY
The Non-dimensional quantities used to Non-dimensionalize the Navierstokes equation are
pC 2
L
x
z
y
u
p
,x
,y ,z
,u , k X ,
ULX
LX
LZ
LZ
C
U

C
UC
vL
w
, Re
, Re
v X , w ,
Re
C
UC

U
L
X
The non-dimensional form of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equation
including the fluid inertia effect is
u
u
u
p 2u
Re u
v
kw 2
y
z
x y
x

w
w
w
p 2 w
Re u
v
kw k
2
y
z
z y
x
and the continuity equation is

u v
w

k
0
x
y
z

14

THEORY
Perturbation method is used to calculate the fluid inertia effect on textured
sliding contacts
Perturbation quantities:
p p0 Re p1
u u0 Re u1
v v0 Re v1
w w0 Re w1

Zeroth order term Re

p0 2 w0
0 k

z
y 2
p0 2u0
0
2
x y
u0
x

v0
y

w0
z

15

THEORY
First order term Re

u0
u0
u0
p1 2u1
u0
v0
kw0

2
x
y
z
x y
w0
w0
w0
p1 2 w1
u0
v0
kw0
k
2
x
y
z
z y
u1 v1
w1

k
0
x
y
z
From the zeroth order term, steady state Reynolds equation can be
derived as

3 p0
2
3 p0

6
h

x
x
z
z
x
16

THEORY
From the first order term, the modified Reynolds equation can be
derived as
h y y
h y

3
2
3
1
1
h
k
h
12 K x dydydy K x dydy

x
x
z
z
x 0 0 0
200

Where,
u
u
u
K x u0 0 v0 0 kw0 0
x
y
z

12k
z

h y

h
0 0 0 K z dydydy 2 0 0 K z dydy

h y y

w0
w
w
v0 0 kw0 0
x
y
z
The velocity components can be evaluated from the zeroth order terms
1 p0
1 p0
y
w0 k
y y h
u0
y y h
2

z
2 x
h
y
1

v0

k
0
w0 dy
0 x
z

K z u0

17

THEORY
The boundary conditions is

z 1

p0 ( x , z 1) 0, p0 ( x , z 0) 0
The periodicity condition is
p0 ( x 0, z ) p0 ( x 1, z )

z 0
x 0

x 1

The Reynolds cavitation conditions is

p
p0 0; 0 0 when p0 0
x
Total Non-dimensional pressure is
p p0 Re p1

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

1 1

W pdxdz
0 0

18

THEORY
Non-dimensional end flow
h y
kh 3 p1 h y y

kh 3 p0
h
Q
Re
K z dydydy K z dydy dx
0
200
12 z 0 0 0

12 z

Friction parameter

CF

F
W

where
h y
1 p1 h

1 p0 1
1
F Friction Force h
Re h
K x d y K x d ydy dxdz

2 x h
h 00
2 x 0

0 0

1 1

19

THEORY
Flow Chart
Input Parameters

Start

N x , N y , N z , A, hg

Solve Steady state Reynolds

equation with cavitation
condition

Pold =Pnew

No

Generation of Mesh and Calculate

Texture size in Mesh

p
M

i 1

j 1
M N

new
i, j

p
i 1 j 1

p iold
,j

old
i, j

10

Yes

Find the film

thickness

Calculate the
Flow velocities U,
V and W

Solve modified
Reynolds equation for
perturbed pressure
No

Pold =Pnew

Stop

Calculate Total Pressure, Yes

Load, End Flow and
Friction parameter

p
M

i 1

j 1

new
1
i, j

p1old

p
i 1 j 1

old
1
i, j

i, j

10

20

MESH
CONVERGENCE
For the Mesh size of N x and N z

Non-dimensional Load carrying capacity

0.28
Conv=1e-4
Conv=1e-5
Conv=1e-6

0.26
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
50

100

Mesh Size

150

200

21

MESH

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

CONVERGENCE
For the Mesh size of N y

0.32

0.31

0.3

0.29

0.28

0.27
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ny mesh size

140

160

180

200

22

VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL SOLUTION

RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF SURFACE TEXTURE ON SLIDER BEARING

Comparison of Square-shaped protrusion on slider bearing

Available result: Ravinder B. Siripuram and Lyndon S. Stephens, (2004), Effect of

deterministic asperity geometry on hydrodynamic lubrication ,J. Tribol., 126, 3, pp.527-534.

23

VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL SOLUTION

RESULT OF FLUID INERTIA EFFECT ON JOURNAL BEARING
Re

L/D

Re

L/D

0.28

Re

L/D

0.56

W (Present)

W (Kakoty)

W (Chen)

0.2

0.5092

0.5042

0.5013

0.5

1.7793

1.7903

1.779

0.8

7.1574

7.4597

7.146

0.9

17.0266

17.7139

16.982

W (Present)

W (Kakoty)

W (Chen)

0.2

0.5119

0.5047

0.5041

0.5

1.7972

1.7935

1.785

0.8

7.2048

7.2540

7.151

0.9

17.0847

17.1437

16.993

W (Present)

W (Kakoty)

W (Chen)

0.2

0.5147

0.5056

0.5051

0.5

1.8152

1.8009

1.790

0.8

7.2522

7.2860

7.159

0.9

17.1428

17.194

17.002

Kakoty S K (1999), Effect of fluid inertia on stability of fluid film bearings, Doctoral Thesis, Indian
Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, India
Chien-Hsin chen and Chao-Kuang chen (1989), The influence of fluid inertia on the operating
characteristics of finite journal bearings, Wear, 131, pp. 229-240

24

EFFECT OF SQUARE-SHAPED TEXTURE INCLUDING FLUID INERTIA

The numerical analysis was performed to determine the effect of various
non-dimensional parameters like aspect ratio, texture height ratio and
Reynolds number. The limits of these parameters are
Aspect ratio (A ): 0.1 A 0.9
Texture height ratio(H ): 0.1 H 0.6
Reduced Reynolds number (Re): 0 Re 1.4

25

0.35

Non-dimensional end flow

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Texture height ratio

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.1

0.6

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Texture height ratio

60
50

Friction parameter

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

EFFECT OF SQUARE-SHAPED TEXTURE INCLUDING FLUID INERTIA

40
30
20

26

10
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Texture height ratio

0.5

0.6

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

EFFECT OF SQUARE-SHAPED TEXTURE INCLUDING FLUID INERTIA

0.1

Non-dimensional end flow

0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1

0.05

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Aspect ratio

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.1

0.9

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Aspect ratio
40
35

Friction parameter

0
0.1

0.08

30
25
20
15

27

10
5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Aspect ratio

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.08

0.3

0.07

Non-dimensional end flow

0.35

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Aspect ratio

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.1

0.9

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Aspect ratio

160
140

Friction parameter

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

EFFECT OF SQUARE-SHAPED TEXTURE INCLUDING FLUID INERTIA

120
100
80
60
40

28

20
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Aspect ratio

0.7

0.8

0.9

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES WITH FLUID INERTIA

Sl. No

Unit Cell

Description

Maximum Aspect ratio

Square

0.9

Circular

0.78

Hexagonal

0.65

Dome

0.78

Ellipsoidal

0.38

Triangular

0.32

29

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES WITH FLUID INERTIA

Validation of numerical solution for different shapes

7.0

0.40

6.0

Reference

--------- Present

Triangular

Hexagonal

5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0

Circular

Square

3.5
3.0
2.5

0.0

0.2

0.4
0.6
Aspect Ratio

0.8

1.0

0.35
Coefficient of friction ( )

Film thickness (m)

6.5

Reference
---------- Present

Square

0.30
0.25
Hexagonal

0.20
0.15
0.10

Triangular
Circular
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Aspect ratio

Reference: Ravinder B. Siripuram and Lyndon S. Stephens, (2004), Effect of deterministic

asperity geometry on hydrodynamic lubrication ,J. Tribol., 126, 3, pp.527-534.
30

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES WITH FLUID INERTIA

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

30
25
20
15
10
5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Aspect ratio ( A)

0.7

0.8

0.9

31

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES WITH FLUID INERTIA

1.5

0.5

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

80
60
40
20
0
0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Texture height ratio ( H )

0.5

0.55

0.6

32

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT-SHAPES OF TEXTURES WITH FLUID INERTIA

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

16
14
12
10
8
6
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Reduced Reynolds number (Re)

1.2

1.4

33

0.16

0.9

Non-dimensional end flow

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1

Number of textures in transverse direction

Number of textures in transverse direction

80
70

Friction parameter

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

EFFECT OF MULTI-TEXTURES ON TEXTURED SLIDER BEARING

For square shaped protrusion

60
50
40
30
20

34

10
0
1

Number of textures in transverse direction

0.18

Non-dimensional end flow

0.046

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06
1

0.044
0.042
0.04
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
0.03
0.028
1

Number of textures in transverse direction

Number of textures in transverse direction

15
14
13

Friction parameter

Non-dimensional load carrying capacity

EFFECT OF MULTI-TEXTURES ON TEXTURED SLIDER BEARING

12
11
10
9
8

35

7
6
1

Number of textures in transverse direction

CONCLUSION
Significant change in the non-dimensional load carrying capacity,
non-dimensional end flow and friction parameter when the inertia effect is
considered.
The aspect ratio should be low to get the better hydrodynamic
performance characteristics.
The hydrodynamic performance characteristics gives better result as
the non-dimensional texture height increases.
The friction parameter is independent of some shape of the texture but
not for any shapes.
The triangular shape of texture shows better performance than the other
shape of textures.
For sealing point of view, the hexagonal texture shows better result
than the other shape of textures.
The number of textures in the transverse-direction should be low to get
the high load carrying capacity and low friction parameter.
36

FUTURE PLAN OF THE

WORK
Effect of the orientation of positive textures on the parallel sliding
surfaces including the fluid inertia by the method of perturbation.
Effect of the different shapes, aspect ratio, height ratio and orientation of
negative textures on the parallel sliding surfaces including the fluid inertia
by the method of perturbation.
Effect of different shapes, aspect ratio, height ratio and orientation of the

positive and negative textures on the parallel sliding surfaces including the
inertia effect by the method of velocity profile.
Effect of multi-textures in transverse direction for different shape, aspect

ratio, height ratio and orientation of positive and negative textures

including the fluid inertia by two methods namely perturbation and velocity
profile.
37

PAPERS
International Conferences:
Syed Ismail, Sarangi M., (2011), Effect of fluid inertia on parallel sliding
contacts with square-shaped protrusion, 18 th International Colloquium,
Tribology-Industrial and Automotive Lubrication, Stuttgart/Ostfildern,
Germany. (Submitted)

38

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Mechanical Components by Laser Surface Texturing, Journal of the Balkan Tribological
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REFERENCES
[10] Brizmer V., Kligerman Y., and Etsion I., (2003), A laser surface textured parallel thrust
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40

REFERENCES
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41

Thank you

42