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Chlorofluorocarbon ( ,
CFC)
In late 1920s, American chemist Thomas
Midgley, Jr. synthesized CFCs.
CFCs: non-toxic, non-flammable, and nonreactive with other chemical compounds;
Ideal for many applications - as coolants
for commercial and home refrigeration
units, electronic cleaning solvents, etc.
DuPont: trademark name Freon.
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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
World
Use of DDT as
insect spray
Asbestos( )
In the 1950s,
academics forecast
that by the year 2000
we could have a
twenty-hour
workweek.
A busy night in
Central
Rachel Carson
Silent Spring
Influence of Carson
o Campaign
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Core Question:
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Text
Rachel
Chapter
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ignorance!
arrogance!
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Influence of
Darwin
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aquatic biologist
Full time nature writer
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Publications
Under the Sea Wind (1941)
published
- Silent Spring
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Silent Spring
Published 1962
Selected in:
Book-of-the-Month Club
Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century
Nonfiction (#5)
Discover Magazine: 25 Greatest Science
Books of All Time
The American Reader: Words That Moved a
Nation
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Silent Spring
inspired widespread public
concerns with pesticides
and pollution of the
environment.
facilitated the ban of the
pesticide DDT in 1972 in
the United States.
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DDT as a pesticide
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT)
Colorless crystalline solid
First synthesized in 1874 by
Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler
( )
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Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
In
Paul Hermann
Mller (1899
1965)
1939, Mller ( )
discovered DDT can be
used as an insecticide
Nobel Prize laureate in
Physiology or Medicine
(1948) "for his
discovery of the high
efficiency of DDT as a
contact poison against
several arthropods".
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pests only
Harmless to humans
Protects crops and controls
disease-carrying pests
A solution to multiple problems
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environment
A food chain:
Plankton ( ) Fish Crabs Birds
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Biomagnification
Bio-magnification:
concentration of
poison along the food chain to
lethal levels
A case in California
Pesticide Concentration (ppm)
Water
Plankton
Herbivore fish
Carnivore bird and fish
1/50
5
40 300
1600 and 2500 respectively
Health Hazards
Direct
poisoning
In animal tests:
3 ppm of DDT inhibits heart muscle
enzyme
5 ppm of DDT causes liver cell
necrosis ( )
In humans:
Nerve system damage (23 ppm of
DDT)
Carcinogenicity
Genetic
damage
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Natural selection
Pesticides eliminate the
weaker members of the pest
Create new pests
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Any alternatives?
Pesticide
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Crabgrass ( )
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Crabgrass
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Al Gore
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Carsons Legacy
Public awareness to environmental issues
Concept of ecosystem balance
Question authority and policies
Biological
control is a
perfect solution
Really?
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Transported by humans
Overcoming ecosystems
Human activity has forced 869
species into extinction over past 500
years
Successful establishment
Ponder on
Will
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Enjoy reading
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