10-3 Changes in Temperature

and Phase
Specific Heat Capacity

 Specific Heat Capacity, cp,:The quantity

of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance 1°C
at constant pressure
 When the temperature increases, ΔT and
Q are positive
 When the temperature decreases, ΔT
and Q are negative
Determining Specific Heat Capacity
Q  c p m T
 Calorimetry: an experimental procedure used to
measure the energy transferred by heat

Qh  Qc
 Energy released by hot substance=Energy
absorbed by cold substance

c p ,h mh Th  c p ,c mc Tc
 For calorimetry be sure to make ΔT
positive on both sides
 ΔTh=Ti-Tf
 ΔTc=Tf-Ti

 Refer to table 10-4 for the specific heat

of many substances
 Specific heat of water is 4,186 J/kg·°C
Example 1

 A 0.050 kg metal bolt is heated to 100°C.

It is then dropped into a beaker
containing 0.400 kg of water with an
initial temperature of 20°C. If the final
temperature of the bolt and water is
22.1°C, find the specific heat capacity of
the metal. Identify the metal using Table
10-4.
Example 2

 How many kilograms of water at 30°C

must come to thermal equilibrium with a
2 kg gold bar at 100°C in order to lower
the bar’s temperature to 40°C?
Example 3

 What is the final temperature when 0.04

kg of milk at 10°C is added to 0.20 kg of
coffee at 90°C? Assume the specific
heat capacities of the two liquids are the
same as water, and disregard any
energy transfer to the liquid’s
surroundings.
Latent Heat

 Phase change: the physical change of a

substance from one state (solid, liquid, or gas)
to another at constant temperature and
pressure
 Revised definition of heat: the process by which
energy is exchanged, either between two
bodies at different temperatures or between two
bodies at the same temperature when one of
them is undergoing a phase change
 Heat of fusion, Lf: the energy per unit mass
transferred in order to change a substance
from solid to liquid or from liquid to solid at
constant temperature and pressure

 Heat of vaporization, Lv: the energy per unit

mass transferred in order to change a
substance from liquid to vapor or from vapor to
liquid at constant temperature and pressure
 Phase changes involve potential energy
between particles

 Energy required to melt a substance

goes into rearranging the molecules

 Energy required to vaporize a substance

goes into separating the molecules
 Latent heat: the energy per unit mass
that is transferred during a phase change
of a substance
 Q=mL
 Energy transferred by heat during a
phase change=mass × latent heat
 Refer to Table 10-6 on page 379 for
melting and boiling points as well as
latent heat values
Example 1

 How much energy is removed when 10 g

of water is cooled from steam at 120°C
to liquid at 50°C?
Example 2

 How much energy is needed to melt

0.5 kg of lead so that is can be used to
make a lead sinker for fishing? The
sample has a initial temperature of 25°C
and is poured in the mold immediately
after it has melted.
Example 3

 How much heat is needed to melt exactly

1000 aluminum cans, each with a mass
of 14 g, for recycling? Assume an initial
temperature of 26.4°C.

(Solve this one on your own while I check

off the homework.)
Example 4

 A 0.01 kg cube of ice at 0°C is added to

0.5 kg of soup at 90°C. Assuming that
the soup has the same specific heat
capacity as water, find the final
temperature of the soup after the ice has
melted. (Hint: There is a temperature
change after the ice melts.)