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INTRODUCTION
Interfacing DC motor to 8051 forms an essential part in designing embedded
robotic projects. A well designed 8051-DC motor system has essentially
two parts. Firstly an 8051 with the required software to control the motor and
secondly a suitable driver circuit. Most of the DC motors have power
requirements well out of the reach of a microcontroller and more over the
voltage spikes produced while reversing the direction of rotation could easily
damage the microcontroller. So it is not wise to connect a DC motor directly
to the microcontroller. The perfect solution is to use a motor driver circuit in
between the microcontroller and the DC motor.
The driver circuit used in this presentation are:a)L293 IC

b) H-bridge

USING L293 DRIVER TO INTERFACE

DC MOTOR WITH 8051
L293 is a dedicated quadruple half H bridge motor driver IC available in 16 pin
package. L293 has a current capacity of 600mA/channel and has supply
voltage range from 4.5 to 36V DC. They are fitted with internal high speed
clamp diodes for inductive spike protection. Other good features of L293 are
high noise immunity, internal ESD protection, thermal shutdown, separate
input supply for each channel etc. The pin out of L293 motor driver is
shown in the figure below.

Below is the diagram that show how l293 is connected to 8051 for bidirectional control, and also the truth table indicating the direction
of motion of the motor depending on the input from microcontroller
to l293.
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P1.0 P1.1 State of the motor

0

stop or break

Motor move anti-clockwise

Motor move clockwise

Stop or break

Three pins are needed for interfacing a DC motor (A, B, Enable). If

you want the o/p to be enabled completely then you can connect
Enable to VCC and only 2 pins needed from controller to make the
motor to rotate either clockwise or anti-clockwise depending on the
output from microcontroller.

H-BRIDGE CIRCUIT
The name "H-Bridge" is derived from the actual shape of the switching
circuit which control the motion of the motor. It is also known as
"Full Bridge". Basically there are four switching elements in the HBridge as shown in the figure below.

OPERATIONAL PRICIPLE
The H-bridge is connected to p1.0 and p1.1 of the 8051 microcontroller, if
p1.0 is low and p1.1 is high, the the transistors Q2 and Q4 will be bias and
allow the flow of current from the Vcc through Q4 to Q2 and then to
ground, there by rotating the motor in the anticlockwise direction as shown
below,

If p1.0 is high and p1.1 is low will be bias, Q1 and Q3, thus allowing the
collector current to flows from the Vcc through Q1 to Q3 and then to
ground, there by rotating the motor in clockwise direction as shown in the
diagram below.

The above H-bridge circuit is applicable only when the dc motor voltage is
only 5v, however in the situation where by the dc motor voltage is greater
than 5v, the above H-bridge circuit is modified as shown below

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The above circuit is also made up of four transistor H-bridge. To run the motor
in one direction, Q5 and Q8 are turned ON and Q6 and Q7 are OFF, the left
side of the motor is at 12v and the right side is at ground. And hence the
motor will rotate clockwise direction. To reverse the direction of rotation of
the motor, Q5 and Q8 are OFF and Q6 and Q7 are ON, this will rotate the
motor in anti-clockwise direction.

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