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Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 31
Animal Organization
and Homeostasis
Lecture Outline
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Outline
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Types of Tissue
Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
Functions include
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Filtration
5
Types of Tissue
Simple Epithelia A single layer of cells
Classified according to cell type
Squamous epithelium flattened cells
Cuboidal epithelium cube-shaped cells
Columnar epithelium cells resembling columns
Types of Tissue
Connective tissue functions:
Establishing a structural framework
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting
tissues
Storing energy reserves
Defending the body from microorganisms
10
Types of Tissue
Connective tissue:
Diverse in structure and function but all types have
Specialized cells
Ground substance Noncellular material
Protein fibers
Collagen fibers contain collagen providing strength and flexibility
Reticular fibers contain thin, highly branched collagen fibers
Elastic fibers contain elastin, not as strong but more elastic than collagen
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12
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Types of Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Consists of:
Fibroblast cells
A jellylike matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
Adipose tissue
Stores energy
Insulates the body and provides padding
Mostly white, but brown in newborns due to increased numbers of mitochondria
14
Diagram of Fibrous
Connective Tissue
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Adipose cell:
stores fat
Collagen fiber:
unbranched, strong
but flexible
Ground
substance: fills
spaces between
cells and fibers
Elastic fiber:
branched and
stretchable
Fibroblast: divides to
produce other types
of cells
Reticular fiber:
branched, thin, and
forms network
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Types of Tissue
Supportive Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found
in the matrix (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage)
Cartilage cells lie in small chambers (lacuna) in the matrix.
Cartilage lacks a direct blood supply and heals very slowly.
Bone
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
Bone cells are located in lacunae.
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around
tiny tubes (central canals)
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Hyaline
Types of Cartilage
Elastic
More elastic fibers than hyaline
More flexible
Found in framework of outer ear
Fibrocartilage
Matrix contains strong collagen fibers
Found in structures that withstand tension and pressure
Found in pads between vertebrae in backbone
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Bone
Compact bone
Makes up shaft of long bone
Consists of cylindrical units called osteons
Blood vessels in central canal carry nutrients
Spongy bone
Makes up ends of long bone
Contains bony bars and plates separated by air spaces
Site of red bone marrow, which produces blood cells
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Types of Tissue
Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood
A connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells oxygen transport
Small disk-like cells without nuclei
White blood cells immune response
Larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus
Platelets involved in the clotting process
Fragments of larger cells present only in bone marrow
Functions
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes
Helps distribute heat and plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance
Lymph
A fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fat molecules from the small intestine.
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Blood, a Liquid
Tissue
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
plasma
white blood cells
(leukocytes)
red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
a. Blood sample
after centrifugation
platelets
red blood cell
plasma
b. Blood smear
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Types of Tissue
Muscular (Contractile) Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibers.
Three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary Long, striated fibers, multinucleated
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, but mostly involuntary
Cells are bound to each other by intercalated disks.
Have one single, centrally placed nucleus
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Muscular Tissue
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Types of Tissue
Nervous system (functions):
Sensory input
Sensory receptors detect changes.
Transmit information to the spinal cord and brain
Data integration
Spinal cord and brain integrate data.
Decision is made regarding appropriate response
Motor output
Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)
Effector initiates the actual response
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Types of Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to another
Nervous tissue includes:
Neurons
Transmit information
Consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
An axon and its myelin sheath, if it has one, is called a fiber.
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by
connective tissue form nerves.
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Types of Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Neuroglia
Support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia in brain include
Microglia
Astrocytes
Glial cell-derived growth factor is being studied as a
possible Parkinson disease treatment.
Oligodentrocytes
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dendrite
Neuron
nucleus
cell body
axon
Microglia
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
myelin sheath
axon
b. Micrograph of a neuron
Capillary
a. Neuron and neuroglia
200
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b: Ed Reschke
Regenerative Medicine
Nature of Science Reading
Many species of salamander retain the ability to
regenerate lost limbs.
Researchers used a gene encoding jellyfish green
fluorescent protein (GFP) to track cells rebuilding the
severed limb.
The regenerated limbs in non-transgenic salamanders
were not pluripotent and gave rise only to a limited set of
tissues.
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Organ System
Composed of various organs that cooperate
to carry out a general process
Example: digestion of food
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Cranial
cavity:
contains brain
Thoracic
cavity:
contains heart,
lungs, and
esophagus
Ventral
cavity
diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity:
contains stomach,
liver , spleen,
pancreas,
and intestines
Pelvic
cavity:
contains certain
reproductive
organs
a.
Vertebral
cavity:
contains
spinal cord
Dorsal
cavity
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Thoracic cavity:
contains esophagus,
heart, and lungs
Abdominal cavity:
contains digestive
and other organs
Pelvic cavity:
contains reproductive
and other organs
b.
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Hair follicles
Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum
Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin
Sweat glands
Present in all regions of the skin
Begin in dermis and open either to a hair follicle or to the surface of the skin
Function to help maintain constant body temperature
38
Human Skin
Anatomy
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hair shaft
sweat pore
melanocytes
Epidermis
sensory receptor
capillaries
oil gland
arrector pili muscle
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer
nerve
adipose tissue
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Skin Cancer
40
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31.4 Homeostasis
The organ systems of the human body
contribute to homeostasis.
The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively
constant internal environment
Animals vary to the degree in which they can regulate
internal variables.
42
Examples of Homeostatic
Regulation
The organ systems of the human body contribute to
homeostasis.
The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that replace used nutrients.
The kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts that can
affect the pH of the blood
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Homeostasis
Homeostatic Control
Homeostasis is, to a degree, controlled by
hormones.
But is ultimately controlled by the nervous
system
Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic
mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value.
The sensor detects change in environment.
Regulatory center initiates an action to bring the conditions
back to normal.
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Control center
sends data to
thermostat
directs furnace
to turn off
Sensor
70F
too hot
furnace off
negative feedback
and return to
normal temperature
stimulus
too h
ot
Homeostasis
to o c
old
negative feedback
and return to
normal temperature
stimulus
Sensor
furnace on
66F
too cold
directs furnace
to turn on
Control center
sends data to
thermostat
68F set point
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Control center
sends data to
control center
directs response
to stimulus
Sensor
Effect
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
abov
e nor
mal
Normal body temperature
below
norm
al
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Control center
directs response
to stimulus
sends data to
control center
98.6F set point
Homeostasis
Positive feedback is a mechanism that
brings about an ever greater change in the
same direction.
Childbirth process
Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback
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Positive Feedback
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
pituitary gland
uterus