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INDUSTRIAL

MICROBIOLOGY
Lecture II
BASIC NATURE OF CELLS OF LIVING THINGS

BASIC NATURE OF CELLS OF


LIVING THINGS

All living things are composed of cells, of which there


are two basic types, the prokaryotic cell and the
eukaryotic cell.

ORGANELLES/
CHARACTERISTICS

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Size of Cell

Typically 0.2-2.0 m

Typically 10-100 m

Nucleus

No Nucleus

DNA

Exist as Single, Circular Exist as many strands


Strand

Location of DNA

Located in the
nucleotide, an area
without a protective
membrane

The nuclear envelope


surrounds the nucleus,
regulating what goes in
and out

Chromosomes

Have chromosomes

Have Chromosomes

Have Nucleus

ORGANELLES/
CHARACTERISTICS

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Organelles

Have no organelles
Organelles are wrapped
wrapped in membranes in membranes

Size of Cell

Smaller

Bigger

Ribosomes

They have smaller


ribosomes

They have bigger


ribosomes

Microtubules in their
Flagella

Do not have
Microtubules in their
Flagella

They have Microtubules


in their Flagella /Cilia

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane


is made of
peptidoglycans, or
protein sugar.

The plasma
membranes are made
of phospholipid

Microtubules in their
Flagella

Do not have
Microtubules in their
Flagella

They have Microtubules


in their Flagella /Cilia

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane


is made of
peptidoglycans, or
protein sugar.

The plasma
membranes are made
of phospholipid

PARTS OF CELL

CELL WALL
PROKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC

Procaryotic cell walls


contain glycopeptides;
these are absent in
eucaryotic cells.

Cell walls of eucaryotic


cells contain chitin,
cellulose and other
sugar polymers. These
provide rigidity where
cell walls are present.

PARTS OF CELL

RIBOSOMES
PROKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC

Site of protein synthesis. They consist of twosub-units.

Procaryotic ribosomes
are 70S and have two
sub-units: 30S (small)
and a 50S (large) subunits.

Eucaryotic ribosomes
are 80S and have subunits of 40S (small) and
a 60S (large).

PARTS OF CELL

MITOCHONDRIA
PROKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC

Procaryotic cells lack


mitochondria and the
processes of energy
release take place in the
cell membrane.

Membrane-enclosed
structures where in
aerobic eucaryotic cells
the processes of
respiration and oxidative
phosphorylation occur in
energy release.

NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
PARTS OF CELL

PROKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC

Absent in procaryotic
cells.

In procaryotic cells only


one single circular
macromolecule of DNA
constitutes the

Eucaryotic cells have


DNA spread in several
chromosomes.

PARTS OF CELL

NUCLEOLUS

EUKARYOTIC

Structure within the eucaryotic nucleus for the


synthesis of ribosomal RNA.

Ribosomal proteins synthesized in the


cytoplasm are transported into the nucleolus
and combine with the ribosomal RNA to form the
small and large sub-units of the eucaryotic
ribosome.

They are then exported into the cytoplasm


where they unite to form the intact ribosome.

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