General Purpose Machine Tools

1.

General classification of machine tools

Conventional or traditional machine tools like

Lathes, Milling machines, etc. are used more widely
for faster material removal by shearing or brittle
fracturing.
Non-conventional or non-traditional machine
tools: like EDM, ECM, USM, etc. which remove
material from exotic materials slowly by electrophysical, electro-chemical processes.
Modern numerical and computer controlled
machine tools: Like CNC lathe, CNC milling

General Purpose Machine Tools

The basic machine tools which are commonly used for general
purposes are:

1. Lathes
2. Drilling machines
3. Shaping machines
4. Planning machines
5. Slotting machines
6. Milling machines
7. Boring machines
8. Hobbing machines
9. Gear shaping machines
10. Broaching machines
11. Grinding machine

Classification Of Lathes
(a) According to configuration
Horizontal -Most common for ergonomic conveniences
Vertical - Occupies less floor space, only some large lathes
are of this type.
(b) According to purpose of use
General purpose
Very versatile where almost all possible types of operations are
carried out on wide ranges of size, shape and materials of jobs;
example: centre lathes
Single purpose: Only one (occasionally two) type of operation
is done on limited ranges of size and material of jobs; example
facing lathe, roll turning lathe etc.
Special purpose - Where a definite number and type of
operations are done repeatedly over long time on a specific
type of blank; example: gear blank machining lathe etc.

Classification Of Lathes
(c) According to size or capacity
Small (low duty) - In such light duty lathes (upto 1.1 kW), only
small and medium size jobs of generally soft and easily
machinable materials are machined
Medium (medium duty) - These lathes of power nearly upto 11
kW are most versatile and commonly used
Large (heavy duty)
Mini or micro lathe - These are tiny table-top lathes used for
extremely small size jobs and precision work; example : swiss
type automatic lathe

Classification Of Lathes
(d) According to degree of automation
Non-automatic - Almost all the handling operations are done
manually; example: centre lathes
Semi-automatic - Nearly half of the handling operations,
irrespective of the processing operations, are done
automatically and rest manually; example: capstan lathe, turret
lathe, copying lathe relieving lathe etc.
Automatic - Almost all the handling operations (and obviously
all the processing operations) are done automatically; example
single spindle automat (automatic lathe), swiss type automatic
lathe, etc.
e) According to type of automation
Fixed automation - Conventional; example single spindle
automat, swiss type automatic lathe etc.
Flexible automation - Modern; example CNC lathe, turning
centre etc.

Classification Of Lathes
(f) According to configuration of the jobs being handled
Bar type - Slender rod like jobs being held in collets
Chucking type - Disc type jobs being held in chucks
(g) According to precision
Ordinary
Precision (lathes) - These sophisticated lathes meant for high
accuracy and finish and are relatively more expensive.
(h) According to number of spindles
Single spindle -Common
Multispindle (2, 4, 6 or 8 spindles)
Such uncommon lathes are suitably used for fast and mass
production of small size and simple shaped jobs.

Kinematics System And Working Principle

Of Lathes

Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Facing
Centering
Rough and finish turning
Chamfering, grooving, etc
Axial drilling and reaming by holding the cutting tool in the tailstock
barrel
Taper turning by
offsetting the tailstock
swivelling the compound slide
using form tool with taper over short length
using taper turning attachment if available
combining longitudinal feed and cross feed, if feasible.
Boring (internal turning); straight and taper
Forming; external and internal
Cutting helical threads; external and internal
Parting off
Knurling

Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes

Turning

Facing

Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes

Grooving

Parting

Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes

Threading

Drilling

Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes

Boring

Reaming

Tapping

Basic purposes of use of drilling machines

Drilling machines are generally or mainly used to
originate through or blind straight cylindrical holes in
solid rigid bodies and/or enlarge (coaxially) existing
(pre-machined) holes :
of different diameter
of varying length depending upon the requirement
and the diameter of the drill
in different materials excepting very hard or very
soft materials like rubber, polythene etc.

Classification of drilling machines

A) General purpose drilling machines of common
use
Table top small sensitive
drilling machine: These small
capacity ( 0.5 kW) upright
(vertical) single spindle drilling
machines are mounted (bolted)
on rigid table and manually
operated using usually small size
( 10 mm) drills.

Classification of drilling machines

A) General purpose drilling machines

Pillar drilling machine :These

drilling machines are quite similar
to the table top drilling machines
but of little larger size and higher
capacity (0.55 ~ 1.1 kW) and are
grouted on the floor (foundation).

Classification of drilling machines

A) General purpose drilling machines

Column drilling machine:

These box shaped column type
drilling machines are much more
strong, rigid and powerful than
the pillar drills. In column drills
the feed gear box enables
automatic and power feed of the
rotating drill at different feed rates
as desired.

Classification of drilling machines

A) General purpose drilling machines

Radial drilling machine:

This usually large drilling
machine
possesses
a
radial arm which along with
the drilling head can swing
and move vertically up and
down. The radial, vertical
and swing movement of
the drilling head enables
locating the drill spindle at
any point within a very
large space required by
large and odd shaped jobs.

Classification of drilling machines

A) General purpose drilling machines

CNC column drilling machine: In

these versatile and flexibly automatic
drilling machine having box-column
type rigid structure the work table
movements and spindle rotation are
programmed and accomplished by
Computer Numerical Control (CNC).

Hand drills: hand drill is a portable drilling

device which is mostly held in hand and
used at the locations where holes have to
be drilled.

Classification of drilling machines

B) General purpose drilling machines with more
specific use
Gang drilling machine: This is
almost single purpose and more
productive machine a number (2
to 6) of spindles with drills (of
same or different size) in a row
are made to produce number of
holes
progressively
or
simultaneously

Classification of drilling machines

B) General purpose drilling machines with more
specific use
Turret (type) drilling machine:
Turret drilling machines are
structurally rigid column type but are
more productive like gang drill by
having a pentagon or hexagon turret.

Classification of drilling machines

B) General purpose drilling machines with more
specific use
Multispindle drilling machine:
In these high production machine
tools a large number of drills work
simultaneously on a blank
through a jig specially made for
the particular job. The entire
drilling head works repeatedly
using the same jig for batch or lot
production of a particular job.

Classification of drilling machines

B) General purpose drilling machines with more
specific use
Deep hole drilling machine :
Very deep holes of L/D ratio 6 to even
30

Machining Parameters:
Cutting motion
Feed motion

In drilling machines, generally both the cutting motion and feed

motion are imparted to the drill.

Milling machines

Classification of Milling machines

According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table

Knee type: small and medium duty

machines the table with the
job/work travels over the bed
(guides) in horizontal (X) and
transverse (Y) directions and the
bed with the table and job on it
moves vertically (Z) up and down.

Classification of Milling machines

According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table

Bed type : Usually of

larger size and capacity;
the vertical feed is given to
the milling head instead of
the knee type bed

Classification of Milling machines

According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table

Planer type : These heavy

duty large machines, called
plano-miller, look like
planing machine where the
single point tools are
replaced by one or a
number of milling heads;
generally used for
machining a number of
longitudinal flat surfaces
simultaneously.

Milling machines

Rotary table type : This

high production milling
machines possess one
large rotary work-table and
one or two vertical spindles.
the positions of the job(s)
and the milling head are
adjusted according to the
size and shape of the job.

Classification of Milling machines

According to the orientation of the spindle(s).

Horizontal spindle type:

Classification of Milling machines

According to the orientation of the spindle(s).

Vertical spindle type:

Classification of Milling machines

According to the orientation of the spindle(s).

Universal head milling

machine:

CNC Vertical Milling Machine