RELATIONS,

FUNCTIONS AND
GRAPHS

DEFINITION
Relation is referred to as any set of ordered
pair. Conventionally, It is represented by the
ordered pair (x , y), x is called the first element
or x-coordinate while y is the second element
or y-coordinate of the ordered pair.

Ways of Expressing a Relation

1. Set notation

4. Graph

2. Tabular form

5. Mapping

3. Equation

Example: Express the relation y = 2x;

x = 0,1,2,3 in 5 ways.
.

1. Set notation
(a) S = { (0, 0) , (1, 2) , (2, 4), (3, 6) } or
(b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2,
3}
2. Tabular
form
0

x
y

3. Equation: y = 2x
5. Mapping

4. Graph
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

0
1

1 2 3 4 5

DEFINITION: Domain and Range

All the possible values of x is called the domain and all
the possible values of y is called the range. In a set of
ordered pairs, the set of first elements and second
elements of ordered pairs is the domain and range,
respectively.
Example: Identify the domain and range of the
following relations:
1.) S = { ( 4, 7 ),( 5, 8 ),( 6, 9 ),( 7, 10 ),( 8, 11 ) }
Answer :

D: { 4,5,6,7,8}

R:{7,8,9,10,11}
6

2.)

S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x R }

Answer:

3)

D: all real nos.

(,)

R: all real nos. > 0

[0,)

y=x2 5

Answer. D: all real nos.

(,)

4)
Answer:

R: all real nos. > - 5

[5,)

|y|= x

D: all real nos. > 0

R: all real nos.

(,)

[0,)
7

2x
5. y
x2
D : (,)except 2

6. y
D : [1,)

x 1

Answer:
D: all real nos. except -2
R: all real nos. except 2

R : (,)except 2

Answer :
D: all real nos. > 1
R: all real nos.

R : (,)

Definition: Function
A function is a special relation such that every
first element is paired to a unique second
element.
It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs
having the same first element.

Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs

y sin x

y x 1
and

x maps to
only one value of y . . .
and each y is mapped
from only one x.
Each value of

x maps to only
one value of y . . .
BUT many other x values
map to that y.
Each value of

10

Functions
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
Consider the following graphs

y sin x

y x 1
and

is an example of a
y

1
one-to-one function

y sin x is an example of a
many-to-one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a

relation. Thus a function is a relation but a relation
11
could never be a function.

12

Examples of Graphs that represent

a function

13

Examples of Graphs that do not

represent a function

14

DEFINITION: Function
Notation
Letters like f , g , h and the likes are used to
designate functions.
When we use f as a function, then for each x
in the domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image of
x under f .
The notation f ( x ) is read as f of x .

15

EXAMPLE: Evaluate each

function value
1. If f ( x ) = x + 9, what is the value of f (x2) ?
2. If g ( x ) = 2x 12, what is the value of g ( 2 )?
3. If h ( x ) = x 2 + 5, find h ( x + 1 ).
4.If f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = 2x2 3 x 5 ,
Find: a) f(g(x))

b) g(f(x))

16

Example:
Evaluate each function.

1. :
a.
b.
:
c.
d.
3. :
e.
f.

c. +
d. (k)
c. +
d. (a + 3)
c.
d.

17

Piecewise Defined Function

A piecewise defined function is
defined by different formulas on
different parts of its domain.
Example:
x
1.f ( x )
x 1
2

3x

2. f ( x ) 2 x
( x 2) 2

18

Piecewise
Defined
Function
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the piecewise function
at the
indicated values.
x2

1.f ( x )

if x < 0

x 1 if x 0

f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), f(2)

if x 0

2. f ( x ) 2 x if 0 x 2
( x 2) 2 if x 2

3x

f(-5), f(0), f(1),

f(5)

19

DEFINITION: Operations on
Functions
If f (x) and g (x) are two functions, then
a)Sum and Difference
( f + g ) ( x ) = f(x) +
g(x)
b)Product
( f g ) ( x ) = [ f(x) ] [ g(x) ]
c)Quotient
( f / g ) ( x ) = f(x) / g(x)
d) Composite
( f g ) ( x ) = f (g(x))
20

EXAMPLE:
Example : Given f(x) = 11 x and g(x) = x
10
evaluate each of the following
functions:
1. f(-5)
2. g(2)
3. (f g)(5)
4. (f - g)(4)
5. f(7)+g(x)
6. g(-1) f(-4)
7. (f g)(x)
8. (g f)(x)
9. (g f)(2)
10. (f g)(x 2 )
21

+ 2x

Operations
Operationson
onFunctions
Functions
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
___
If and are functions with domains and , then we define the
If and are functions with domains and , then we define the

Functions
Sum
Difference
Difference
Product
Quotient
Quotient

Notations

Domain
Domain:
Domain:
Domain:
Domain:

23

24

25

End of Discussion

26

GRAPH OF A
FUNCTION

27

DEFINITION: Graph of a Function

If f(x) is a function, then its graph is the set of
all points (x, y) in the two-dimensional plane for
which (x, y) is an ordered pair in f(x)
One way to graph a function is by point
plotting.
We can also find the domain and range from
the graph of a function.

28

Example: Graph each of the

following functions.

1) y 3 x 5

2) y x 1

29

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the following

functions and state the domain and range in interval
notation.
NAME
FUNCTION
f x 3x 5
1. Linear
f x 6
2.Constant
f x x
3. Identity
2

f
x

x
5
4.Square
f x 2x3
5.Cube
6.Square root
f x 16 x2
7.Cube root
f x 3 x
f x 2x 5
8.Absolute value
1
9.Reciprocal
f x
x2 25

Graph of piecewise defined function

The graph of a piecewise function consists of
separate functions.
Example: Graph each piecewise function.
if x 1
x2
1.f ( x )
if x 1
2x 1

31

Graph of absolute value function.

Recall that

x
x
x

if
if

x0
x0

Using the same method that we used in graphing

piecewise function, we note that the graph of
f coincides with the line y = x to the right of the
y - axis and coincides with the line y = - x the left
of the y - axis.
32

Example: Graph each of the

following functions.
1.
2.

y=|x7|
y=|x|+2

3.

33

Definition: Greatest integer function.

The greatest integer function is defined by

x greatest integer less than or equal to x

Example:
1
1
.
1

0
0

3.4 3

0.1 0 1.2 1 3.4 -4
0.3 0 1.9 1 0.9 -1
0.9
1

2.1

2
34

Definition: Least integer function.

The least integer function is defined by

least integer greater than or equal to x

Example:

1.1

0.1 1
0.3 1

1.2 2

0.9

2 2
2.1 3

3.4 4
3.4 -3
0.9 0

1.9 2

35

Graph of greatest integer function.

Sketch the graph of y x

x
2 x 1
1 x 0
0 x 1
1 x 2
2x3

y x

2
1
0
1
2

36

Graph of least integer function.

Sketch the graph of y x

x
2 x 1
1 x 0
0 x 1
1 x 2
2x3

y x

1
0
1
2
3

37

End of Discussion

38

LINEAR FUNCTIONS

39

Linear Functions
Slope of a Line

A function can be written in the form is called a

linear function because its graph is a straight
line.
Graphs of linear functions are characterized by
having a constant rise or fall. This rise or fall is
called slope.
- positive (+) slope, the y-value is increasing as
x increases (line inclined to the right).
- negative (-) slope, the y-value is decreasing as
x increases (line inclined to the left).

40

Slope of a Line
Definition
of the Slope of a Non-vertical Line

The of the line passing through the points and
with is given

41

42

Parallel and Perpendicular

Lines

If two lines are parallel their slopes are

equal.
If two lines are perpendicular the slope of
one of the line is the negative reciprocal of
the slope of the other line.
If m1 is the slope of L1 and m2 is the slope of
L2 then, or

43

44

Equation of a Straight Line

General
Equation of a Line

where .
From

From: y = mx + b
(Slope-Intercept Form)
Then and

45

Horizontal
and Vertical Lines

The graph of is a vertical line through . The slope
of the line is undefined.
The graph of is a horizontal line through . The
slope of the line is zero.

46

Standard Equation of a Line

Point-Slope
Form

The graph of is a line that has slope , and passes
through (.
y

47

Slope-Intercept
Form

the graph of is a line with slope and
intercept
y

P (x, y)

y-

B (0, b)
b
x

48

Two-Point
Form

The graph of is a line passes through and .

P2(x2, y2)

y
P (x, y)

P1(x1 , y1 )

49

Intercept
Form

The graph of is a line that passes through the
points and
is the x intercept while is the y - intercept
y

B (0, b)
b

b-y

P (x, y)

A (a, 0)
a-x

x
a

50

Examples:
1. Find the slope and the angle of inclination of
the lines through each of the following pair of
points:
a. (-8, -4) and (5, 9) b. (10, -3) and (14, -7)
c. (-11, 4) and (-11, 10) d. (8, 6) and (14,
6)
2. The line segment drawn from (x, 3) to (4, 1)
is perpendicular to the segment drawn from
(-5, -6) to (4, 1). Find the value of x.
3. Prove that the triangle whose vertices are
A(8, -4),
B(5, -1) and C(-2, -8) is a right
triangle.
4. Find y if the slope of the line segment joining
(3, -2) to
(4, y) is -3.
51

Find the general equation of the line satisfying

the following conditions:
6. which is passing through (2, -3) and parallel to
the line passing through (4, 1) and (-2, 2).
7. which is passing through point (-2, 3) and
perpendicular to the line 2x 3y + 6 = 0.
8. which is the perpendicular bisector of the
segment connecting points (-1, -2) and (7, 4).
9. whose slope is the same as the slope of L1 and
passing through the point of intersection of
lines L1: x + 6y 4 = 0 and L2: 3x 4y + 2 =
0.
10.passing through (-2, -7) and has its intercepts
numerically equal but of opposite signs.
52

11.The points A(0, 0), B(6, 0) and C(4, 4) are

vertices of triangles. Find:
a.two equations of medians and their point
of intersection
b.two equations of altitudes and their point
of intersection.
c. Two equations of perpendicular bisectors
of the sides and their point of
intersection.
d.The equation of the Eulers Line

End of Discussion

54

QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS

55

Quadratic Functions

A quadratic function can be represented by the

equation
,
where and are real numbers and .
The standard form of a quadratic function can be
written as .
The graph is a parabola with vertex .

56

Parabola

The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola
are .
The equation of the axis of symmetry is .
The parabola opens up when
when .

and opens down

57

Minimum

Function

and

Maximum

of

Quadratic

If , then the graph of opens up and the vertex is

the lowest point on the graph; is the minimum
value of the function.
If , then the graph of opens down and the vertex
is the highest point on the graph;
is the
maximum value of the function.

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

Inverse Functions
Definition
of an Inverse

If the ordered pairs of a function are the ordered
pairs of a function with the order of the coordinates
reversed, then is the inverse function of .
Condition for an Inverse Function
A function has an inverse function if and only if
is a one-to-one function.
Alternative Condition for an Inverse Function
If is an increasing function or a decreasing
function, then has an inverse function.
70

 Consider

a function and its inverse function .

Because the ordered pairs of are the ordered pairs
of with the order of the coordinates reversed, the
domain of the inverse function is the range of , and
the range of is the domain of .
Steps for finding the Inverse of a Function
To find the equation of the inverse of the one-toone function , follow these steps.
1. Substitute for .
2. Interchange and .
3. Solve, if possible, for in terms of .
4. Substitute for .
71

Examples:
Find the inverse of the following one-to
one functions. Find the domain and range and
sketch the graph of the inverse function.
1. ,

72

Exercise
Solve numbers:
17.

f(x) = - 3x2 + 3x + 7

31.
50.

73

Answers

50.

74

End of Discussion

75

76

POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS

77

Definition: Polynomial
Function
A function f(x) is a polynomial function of
degree n if f(x) is of the form
Where all the coefficients for i=0, 1, , n are
real numbers and n is a non-negative integer.

79

Definition: The Remainder Theorem

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by a
linear factor (x r), the remainder is the
value of the function at x = r. That is ,
if f(x) = Q(x-r) + R , then f(r) = R.

80

Examples:

Use the Remainder Theorem to

determine the desired functional value at the given x
for each of the following polynomial functions:

Definition: Synthetic Division

Synthetic division is a short, simple method of
performing division of a polynomial
by a binomial (x r).

Steps to be followed in synthetic division:

1. Arrange the terms of the polynomial in the
decreasing powers of the variable.
2. Write the coefficients of the terms in the first row
including missing terms with zero as coefficients. To
the left of the first row, write the number r from x-r.
3. Bring down the first coefficient to the third row.
Multiply this by r and place the product in the second
row under the second coefficient of the first row.
Obtain the sum of this product and the second
coefficient and place the result in the third row.
Repeat this multiply-and-add procedure for all the
succeeding terms until the last term of the first row.

4. The last number of the third row is the remainder

and the other numbers from left to right are the
coefficient of the terms of the quotient, which is of
degree one less than the given polynomial.
Remark:
If the divisor is in the form of ax+b, rewrite as and
use as divisor. The resulting quotient is a times what
it should be. Hence, this result should be divided by a
except the remainder.

Examples: Using synthetic

division, divide the first
polynomial by the second.

Definition: The Factor Theorem

The linear binomial (x r) is a factor of the
polynomial
if and only if, f(r) = 0.

Examples: Use the Factor

Theorem to verify

whether the indicated linear binomial is a factor of

the given polynomial function. Use synthetic division
as desired.

Examples: Determine the value of k so that (x-r)

would be a factor of the given polynomial.

Definition:
polynomials

The

Roots/Zeroes

of

If f(r) = 0 , then r is a zero/root/ solution of the

polynomial equation
That is, f(x) = (x-r) Q(x).
Remarks:
1. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that
every polynomial equation has at least one root,
which may be a real or a complex number.
2. If f(x) is of degree n, then there will be n linear
factors.
3. Every polynomial equation of degree n has exactly
n roots.

5. If the coefficients of the equation

any rational roots are factors of .

6. Descartes Rule of Signs states that the number of
positive real roots of f(x) = 0 is equal to the
number of variation in sign of f(x) or less than this
by an even integer. While the number of negative
real roots is equal to the number of variation in
sign of f(-x) or less than this by an even integer.
7. The Theorem on Bounds states that if f(x) is
divided by x-r and the terms of the quotient are
either all positive or all negative then r is an upper
bound of the roots. However, if f(x) is divided by xr and the terms of the quotient alternate in signs
then r is a lower bound of the roots.

88

89

Examples: Find all possible

rational roots, and then
find all roots of the equation.

Examples: Find a polynomial equation of least

possible degree with rational coefficients whose roots
are as follows:
1. 1, -1, 3
2. 2, 5, -3 (multiplicity 2)
3. 1, 2, 32i

91

92

93

End of Discussion

SEATWORK

I. Find all possible rational roots, and then

find all roots of the equation.

1. -+

II. Find a polynomial equation of least

possible degree with rational coefficients
whose roots are as follows:

ALGEBRAIC
CURVES

96

ALGEBRAIC CURVES
An equation involving the variables x
and y is satisfied by an infinite number of
pairs of values of x and y, and each pair
of values corresponds to a point.
When plotted on the Cartesian plane,
these points follows a pattern according
to the given equation and form a definite
geometric figure called the CURVE or
LOCUS OF THE EQUATION.
Each equation corresponds to a
definite curve or locus, or in some cases,
97
no locus at all.

The method of drawing curves by

point-plotting is a tedious process and
usually difficult. The general appearance
of a curve may be developed by
examining some of the properties of
curves.

PROPERTIES OF CURVES
The following are some properties of an
algebraic curve:
1. Symmetry
2. Intercepts
3. Asymptotes
4. Extent/Scope
98

Steps in Curve Tracing

1.
2.
3.
4.

If the given is f(x, y) = 0

Solve for y.
Determine the type.
Test for Symmetry
If y has all even exponents curve is
symmetrical with respect to the x
axis.
If x has all even exponents curve is
symmetrical with respect to the y
axis.
If x and y is either all even or all odd
99
exponents curve is symmetrical with

100

Steps in Curve Tracing

5. Intercept
X intercept, set y = 0, factor the
remaining equation and solve for x.
Y intercept, set x = 0, substitute to
the general form and solve for y.

6. Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote (use the factored
form)
Horizontal Asymptote (use the general
form)

7. Scope of the Curve

101

102

End of Discussion

103