Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 31

+

Applying Mendels Principles


Biology, July 15

+
Sub Work

Please take notes on anything UNDERLINED.

Key terms will be BOLDED.

+
What were the odds?
How many times was each one entered??

Katniss: 20

Prim: 1

Gale: 42

Girls

Peeta: 5

Katniss
20/5000

Prim
1/5000

Gale
42/500
0

Katniss and
Gale
840/25000000
0.00336%

Prim and Gale

Peeta
5/5000

Katniss and
Peeta
100/25000000
0.0004%

Prim and Peeta

Boys

42/25000000
0.000168%

5/25000000
0.00002%

Coin Flips and Probability


what are the odds?

Probability of flipping heads or tails each time:

Probability of flipping heads then tails:

+
Probability

Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will


occur

To find the probability of multiple events occurring,


multiply the individual probabilities

Ex: what is the probability of flipping 3 heads in a row?

= 1/8

Past outcomes do not affect future ones

If I flip the coin again, the probability of it being heads is


still

+
Are you a blend?

If your Father is 6 and your Mother is 5; are you 56?

Obviously not true everytime, so is the blending theory


of genetics correct?

The blending theory is not technically correct but may


still happen..

+
Genetics and Heredity

Genetics: The study of heredity.

Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to


offspring

Genetics is therefore the study of heredity, also


known as the passing of traits from parents to
offspring

+
Alleles

Allele: The gene for a characteristic may have different


versions. The different versions are calledalleles

Analleleis one of two or more versions of a gene. An


individual inherits twoallelesfor each gene, one from
each parent

+
Test yourself.

What is an allele?

How many alleles do all people contain?

What is an example of an allele?

Alleles can contain traits such as hair color, eye color,


height, etc.

+
Dominate and Recessive Alleles

In general, when only one of two alleles (trait) is expressed in


the phenotype, the expressed allele is called thedominant
allele.

The allele (traot) that isnt expressed is called therecessive


allele.

The capital letter allele (dominant) will always show over the
lower case (recessive)

Recessive alleles are only seen when two are together

t TT tT

Tt

(tt)

+
Genotype and Phenotype

The genotype of an organism refers to the alleles inherited by


that organism (the genetic makeup) They are shown as letters
such as the letters below.

PPPp

The phenotype refers to the physical traits of that organism


Purple

pp

White

Important because the genotype carries recessive traits that


cannot be seen!

+
Watch this video about how
genotype was started

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mehz7tCxjSE

Take note: who first founded genotype and the study of


genetics?

What was the experiment?

+Does a genotype always effect


appearance?

When an organisms appearance changes in its offspring it usually


is due to its genotype

However sometimes an organisms appearance may be cause by


environmental factors

For example: It may be thought that a flamingo is pink due to its


genotype, however it is actually because of the shrimp it eats!

+
Test yourself:
1.

A friend of yours has brown hair


but his mother has red hair.

What

is his red hair trait known as?

2.

Is his physical appearance of his


hair his genotype or phenotype?

What

is a way you could express his


genotype?

+
Answer

1. Red hair would be recessive because his mom


is a red head so it is carried in his genotype.

2. Physical appearance is shown in phenotype.

3. Genotype can be expressed as: Bb (B= brown


hair, b= red hair) Thus Dominant (B) and
recessive (b).

+Terminology

Remember, since an
organism has one copy of
every gene from each
parent, the organism has
two alleles for each gene.

An organism that has two of


the same allele for a gene
is called homozygous
(BB) or (bb)

An organism that has two


different alleles for a gene
is called heterozygous
(Bb)

tt

Ww

PP

+
Mendels Experiments

Mendel crossed different truebreeding plants to create hybrids.

Ex: Plants with purple flowers and


plants with white flowers

Original true-breeding plants were


the P (parental) generation

P plants were cross-fertilized, and


their offspring were called F1 (first
filial) generation

F1 plants were self-fertilized, and


their offspring were called F2
( second filial) generation

+
Surprising Results

When Mendel crossed the truebreeding purple plants with the


true-breeding white plants, all the
F1 offspring were purple

But when he self-fertilized the


purple F1 plants, the F2 offspring
were both purple and white, in a
3:1 ratio

How did this happen???

+
Answer

Because the white petals were a recessive allele


(gene)!

+
Parental Cross-fertilization

PP

pp

P generation

Purple: homozygous dominant

White: homozygous recessive

F1 generation

Pp

Purple: heterozygous (all the


same)

+
Set up like this

+
Practice

Watch the video and practice

Write the examples in your notebook

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Bkc7SGVwqI

+
Warm Up

A heterozygous for brown hair (B) and blond hair (b)


mates with a homozygous for blonde hair (b). What will
their offspring look like?

A tall pea plant (PP) is crossed with a tall pea plant


(Pp). Create a punnet square for this cross.

Are the offspring heterozygous or homozygous?

+
Warm Up

If an error occurs during during Meiosis, which stage


would it likely happen in?

What are homologous chromosomes?

+Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid

Monohybrid: A hybridization in which


only one characteristic is examined

Dihybrid cross: A cross in which the


inheritance of two characteristics are
tracked at the same time.

+Complete and Incomplete


Dominance

Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed


equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote.

Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant


allele is not completely dominant.

Crossing Over

Crossing-over (prophase 1) produces two chromosomes that


have not previously existed. (homologous chromosomes)

Chromosomes line up in pairs, forming a configuration with four


chromatids, known as a tetrad

+
Law of Segregation

As we saw in meiosis, during gamete formation, the


alleles for each gene segregate from each other,
so that each gamete carries only one allele for
each gene.

Remember Anaphase I:

Homologous pairs separate

So in a homologous pair, if one chromosome carries the


purple allele, and the other chromosome carries the
white allele:

Half the gametes will get the purple allele

Half the gametes will get the white allele

+
Mistakes in Crossing Over
trisomy

21: Downs syndrome... when anaphase in


meiosis does not occur correctly, and one parents
gametes contains two copies of chromosome 21.

Baby

ends up with 3 copies... extra DNA means extra


dose of proteins coded for by genes on chromosome 21.

Physical

characteristics: distinct facial features, varying


impairments of mental development, muscle tone
problems, heart problems, early onset Alzheimers

Karyotype: picture of
chromosomes in down syndrome

+
Punnett Squares: Practice

In groups, perform the following monohybrid crosses


(crosses involving 1 trait)

Be sure to include both genotype AND phenotype!!

1.

Gg x gg

2.

Ww x Ww

3.

Homozygous dominant plant, and heterozygous plant (T


= tall, t = short)

4.

rr x rr

Вам также может понравиться