Narrow-Band FM

and
Wide-Band FM
Presented By
N.A.PAPPATHI
AP / ECE,
NPRCET.

Carrier

Resting fc

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc

Modulating signal

FM

 Angle Modulation Types

Frequency Modulation
1. NarrowBand FM (NBFM)
2. WideBand FM (WBFM)

Phase Modulation

FM Equation
The FM signal expression is given by

s(t ) Ac cos[2f ct sin(2f mt )]

On expanding using cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
s(t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) cos[ sin(2f mt )]

Ac sin(2f ct ) sin[ sin(2f mt )]

For NBFM, is small compared to one
radian
For WBFM, is large compared to one
radian

Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation

For small values of ,

cos( sin( 2f mt )) 1
sin( sin( 2f mt )) sin( 2f mt )
Thus for NBFM, the expression for FM signal
will be simplified to

s(t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) Ac sin(2f ct )sin(2f mt )

NBFM Generation Block Diagram

can
Thenbe expanded as

s(t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) 1 Ac cos[2 ( f c f m )t ] cos[2 ( f c f m )t ]

2

since

1
sin A sin B cos A B cos A B
2

When comparing the s(t) for FM with the s(t) equation of

AM given below,
S

(t ) Ac cos(2f ct ) 1 Ac cos[2 ( f c f m )t ] cos[2 ( f c f m )t ]

AM
2

We came to know that the basic difference between AM

signal and NBFM signal is that the algebraic sign of
Lower side frequency in NBFM is reversed
Hence the BW of NBFM is same as that of AM i.e 2fm

Spectrum of NBFM (single-sided plot)

Wide-Band
Frequency
Modulation
WIDE-BAND
FREQUENCY
MODULATION
For arbitrary value of modulation index , the
below general FM equation is analyzed.
s(t ) Ac cos[2f ct sin(2f mt )]

Complex representation of BandPass signals is

used to describe the s(t) equation of FM.

s(t ) Re[ Ac exp( j 2f ct j sin(2f mt ))]

s(t ) Re[ s (t ) exp(Where

j 2f ct ](t) = Phase deviation

where s (t ) Ac exp[ j sin(2f mt )]

Unlike FM signal s(t), the complex envelope s (t ) is a

periodic function with fundamental frequency fm and so
can be expanded in Complex Fourier series as

s(t ) cn exp( j 2nf mt )

where the Fourier coefficient cn is given by

cn f m
f m Ac

1/ 2 f

1/ 2 f
1/ 2 f

s(t ) exp( j 2nf mt )dt

1/ 2 f

exp[ j sin(2f mt ) j 2nf mt ]dt

Defining a new variable x=2fmt, the cn can be written

as

Ac
cn
exp[ j ( sin x nx)]dx
2

The integral on the right hand side is a function of n

and and is known as the Bessel function of order n
and argument .
Bessel function is conventionally denoted by Jn( )

Therefore it follows that,

J n ( ) 1 exp[ j( sin x nx)]dx

2

Thus

cn Ac J n ( )

Substituting cn value in complex envelope, we get

s(t ) Ac J n ( )exp( j 2nf mt )

Substituting complex envelope in s(t), we get

s(t ) Ac Re J n ( )exp[ j 2 ( f c nf m )t ]

s(t ) Ac Re J n ( )exp[ j 2 ( f c nf m )t ]

The discrete spectrum of s(t) is, therefore obtained by

taking FT of both sides
Ac

S( f )
J
(

(
f

nf
)

(
f

nf
)

n
c
m
c
m

Properties of Bessel Functions

Property - 1:
For n even,
we have Jn () = J-n ()
For n odd,
we have Jn () = (-1) J-n ()
Thus,
Jn () = (-1)n J-n ()

Property - 2:
For small values of the modulation index
we have
J0 () 1
J1 () /2
J3 () 0 for n > 2
Property - 3:

2
J
(

n
n

TABLE OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

 Vs Jn()

 Vs Jn()

AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM

Observations from WBFM and Bessel functions

1. Spectrum of FM contains fc and infinite set of side
frequencies located symmetrically on either side
of fc at separations of fm, 2fm, 3fm,
2. For small values of , only J0() and J1() have
significant values , and so FM signal is effectively
composed of a carrier and a single pair of side
frequencies at fc fm. This corresponds to NBFM
3. The amplitude of carrier component varies with
according to J0(). That is, unlike AM, the
amplitude of carrier component is dependent on
.

Advantages
Wideband FM gives significant improvement in the SNR
at the output of the RX which proportional to the square
of modulation index.
Angle modulation is resistant to propagation-induced
selective fading since amplitude variations are
unimportant and are removed at the receiver using a
limiting circuit.
Angle modulation is very effective in rejecting
interference. (minimizes the effect of noise).
Angle modulation allows the use of more efficient
transmitter power in information.
Angle modulation is capable of handing a greater
dynamic range of modulating signal without distortion
than AM.

Disadvantages
Angle modulation requires a transmission
bandwidth much larger than the message
signal bandwidth.
Angle modulation requires more complex
and expensive circuits than AM.

Power in Angle-Modulated Signal

The power in an angle-modulated signal is easily
computed

n 2
2
1
P Ac J n ( )
2 n

Transmission Bandwidth of FM signals

Theoretically, a FM signal contains an infinite number

of side frequencies so that the bandwidth required to
transmit such signal is infinite.
However, since the values of Jn() become negligible
for sufficiently large n, the bandwidth of an anglemodulated signal can be defined by considering only
those terms that contain significant power.

In practice, the bandwidth of a FM signal can be

determined by knowing the modulation index and
using the Bessel function table.

Example:
Determine bandwidth with table of Bessel functions
Calculate the bandwidth occupied by a FM signal with
a modulation index of 2 and a highest modulating
frequency of 2.5 kHz.

Referring to the table, we can see that this produces

six significant pairs of sidebands. The bandwidth can
then be determined with the simple formula

B.W 2nf max

where n is the number of significant sidebands.

Using the example above and assuming a highest

modulating frequency of 2.5 kHz, the bandwidth of
the FM signal is

B.W . 2 6 2.5
30kHz

Transmission Bandwidth of FM Signals

Since FM has infinite number of side frequencies, BW
required to transmit such a signal is infinite for the
ideal case.
In practice, we can find that the FM signal is
effectively limited to finite number of significant side
frequencies.
Hence Effective Bandwidth is used in which the side
frequencies with significant power only is considered.
Another method is to approximate the Transmission
Bandwidth for small value of using Carsons rule

1
BT 2f 2 f m 2f 1

Example:
Assuming a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz
and a maximum modulating frequency of 2.5 kHz, the
bandwidth would be

B.W . 2(2.5kHz 5kHz )

2 7.5kHz
15kHz

Thank You