TOPIC 1: Introduction to

Statistics
What is Statistics?
-the science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to
assist in making more effective decisions.

Type of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
- a method of organizing, summarizing, and presenting
data in an informative way

Inferential Statistics
- statistical inference , finding something about a
population from a sample taken from that population.
[population - entire set of individuals or objects of interest
sample

a portion, or part, of the population of interest ]

Types of Variables

Qualitative variable

Quantitative variable

nonnumeric.

numerically.

are interested in the number or

percent of the observations in
each category

usually summarized in graphs

and bar charts

Discrete

continuous

-Certain values

- within a
specified range.

TOPIC 2: Describing Data:

Frequency Distributions and
Graphic Presentation
Movie

Organize
Qualitative data
-

frequency table.

Number of
People

Relative
Freque
ncy

Cars

0.28

The Da Vinci
Code

Over the Hedge

0.08

The Break-Up

0.20

The Omen

0.32

0.12

Graphic Presentation of
Qualitative Data
Bar Chart.

Pie chart

Organize Quantitative data

- Frequency
Distribution
Example:
Lengths of Service
(in years)

4 3 2 10 6 6 5
8 4 8 4 6 2
3 3 7 5

Lengths
of
service

Tallie
s

No of
employe
es

1 up to 3

//

3 up to 5

//// /

5 up to 7

////

7 up to 9

///

9 up to 11

Total

17

Constructing Frequency
Distributions
1.

number of classes , k :
k

2 n
n - number of observation
2. Class width = (highest lowest) / k
3. Lower limit of first class = the smallest
number

Relative frequency distribution

- Fraction of total
number of
observation of each
class

Lengths
of
service

No of
employ
ees

Relative
frequency
distribution

1 up to 3

2/17

3 up to 5

6/17

5 up to 7

5/17

7 up to 9

3/17

9 up to11

1/17

Total

17

3 Graphic Presentation
Histogram - number of

frequencies in each class

in the form of a
rectangle.

Polygon - line

connecting points formed

by the intersection of the
class midpoint and the
class frequency.

No of
Lengths of
emplo
service
yees

Cumulative frequency
- number or percent of
observations below given
values.

Cumulative
Frequency

1 up to 3

3 up to 5

5 up to 7

13

7 up to 9

16

9 up to11

17

Total

17

Exercise
Amount of chicken bought ( in kg ) from Akhi
Stall.

4 3 12 10 6 6 3 12 10 6 16 15 8
14 18 4 11 12 3 13 7 5 14 6 17 20
11 19 6 12 8 13 13 7 15
1.
2.

Form a frequency distribution, relative frequency

distribution, cumulative frequency distribution.
Form a histogram, a polygon and a cumulative
frequency distribution

Solution:
Lengths
of
Tallie
servi
s
ce
2-5

//// /

No of
employ
ees
6

69

//// ////

10 13

//// ////
/

11

14 - 17

//// /

18 - 21

///

Total

35