WONDERS OF

THE
UNIVERSE

SUPERNO
1

Made BY:AKShta kaushal

ECE (II year)
Nisha yadav
Cse (II year)

SUPERNOVA IS A
STELLAR EXPLOSION WHICH
IS EXTREMLY LUMINOUS
AND CAUSES A BURST OF
RADIATION THAT OFTEN
BRIEFLY OUTSHINES AN
ENTIRE GALAXY, BEFORE
FADING FROM VIEW OVER
3

What causes a sr to blow up?

WHY STARS BLOW UP?

GRAVITY GIVES THE SUPERNOVA ITS
ENERGY.
FOR TYPE II SUPERNOVAE, MASS
FLOWS INTO THE CORE BY THE
CONTINUED FORMATION OF IRON BY
NUCLEAR FUSION. ONCE THE CORE
HAS GAINED SO MUCH MASS THAT IT
CANNOT WITHSTAND ITS OWN
WEIGHT, THE CORE IMPLODES .
FOR A TYPE IA SUPERNOVA, THE

TYPES OF
1.TYPESUPERNOVA
IA
2.TYPE IB AND IC
3.TYPE II
3.1 CORE COLLAPSE
3.2 LIGHT CURVES AND
UNUSAL SPECTRA

4.PAIR INSTABILITY TYPE

TYPE IA

WHEN A STAR ACCRETED ENOUGH

MATTER TO REACH THE
CHANDRASHEKHAR LIMIT IT CAN NO
LONGER SUPPORT THE BULK OF ITS
PLASMA WOULD BEGIN TO COLLAPSE
CURRENT MODELS
1.CLOSE BINARY STAR SYSTEM:
LARGER STAR CONVERTS TO A RED
GIANT. IT SHEDS MOST OF ITS MASS
UNTIL IT CAN NO LONGER SUSTAIN
NUCLEAR FUSION. FINALLY THE
SMALLER UNDERGOES THE SAME
PROCESS AND ENTER INTO A
SUPERNOVA.

TYPE IB & IC
THIS TYPE OF SUPERNOVA OCCUR WHEN
MASSIVE STARS RUN OUT OF FUEL AT
THEIR CENTERS .
TYPE IB SUPERNOVA ARE THOUGHT TO BE
THE PROGENITORS OF THE COLLAPSE OF A
MASSIVE WOLF-RAVET STAR.
A FEW PERCENT OF TYPE IC SUPERNOVA
MAY BE THE PROGENITORS OF GAMMA RAY
BURSTS .
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TYPE II
IN THE CORE OF THE STAR HYDROGEN IS
FUSED INTO HELIUM AND THE THERMAL
ENERGY RELEASED CREATES AN
OUTWARD PRESSURE WHICH PREVENTS
THE COLLAPSE.
EACH TIME CORE COLLAPSES,AND THE
COLLAPSE IS HALTED BY THE IGNITION
OF A FURTHER PROCESS INVOLVING
MORE MASSIVE NUCLEI AND HIGH
TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES.
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CORE COLLAPSE

WITHIN A MASSIVE, EVOLVED STAR

(A) THE ONION-LAYERED SHELLS OF

ELEMENTS UNDERGO FUSION, FORMING
AN IRON CORE
(B) THAT REACHES CHANDRASEKHARMASS AND STARTS TO COLLAPSE. THE
INNER PART OF THE CORE IS
COMPRESSED INTO NEUTRONS
(C)CAUSING INFALLING MATERIAL TO
BOUNCE
(D) AND FORM AN OUTWARDPROPAGATING SHOCK FRONT (RED). THE
12
SHOCK STARTS TO STALL

GRAPH OF THE LUMINOSITY AS A

FUNCTION OF TIME

LIGHT CURVES
THE LIGHT CURVES FOR TYPE II
SUPERNOVAE ARE DISTINGUISHED BY
THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN BALMER
ABSORPTION LINES IN THE SPECTRA.
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE SHAPE OF THE
TYPE II-L SUPERNOVAE LIGHT CURVE IS
BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY THE
EXPULSION OF MOST OF THE HYDROGEN
ENVELOPE OF THE STAR.
THE PLATEAU PHASE IN TYPE II-P

UNUSUAL SPECTRA

OF THE TYPE II SUPERNOVAE WITH

UNUSUAL FEATURES IN THEIR SPECTRA
TYPE IIN SUPERNOVAE MAY BE
PRODUCED BY THE INTERACTION OF THE
EJECTA WITH CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL.
TYPE IIB SUPERNOVAE ARE LIKELY
MASSIVE STARS WHICH HAVE LOST
MOST, BUT NOT ALL, OF THEIR
HYDROGEN ENVELOPES THROUGH TIDAL
STRIPPING BY A COMPANION STAR.

PAIR INSTABILITY TYPE

WHEN THE CORE TEMPERATURE OF A

STAR OF OVER ABOUT 140 SOLAR
MASSES BECOMES SO HIGH THAT
PHOTONS CONVERT SPONTANEOUSLY
TO ELECTRON-POSITRON PAIRS,
REDUCING THE PHOTON PRESSURE
SUPPORTING THE STAR'S OUTER LAYERS
AND TRIGGERING A COLLAPSE THAT
LEADS TO A SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION.
THIS PAIR-INSTABILITY SUPERNOVA
CREATES A LARGER QUANTITY OF
ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN HELIUM

SOURCE OF HEAVY
THE HEAVIER
ELEMENTS ARE PRODUCED
ELEMENTS
BY NUCLEAR FUSION (FOR IRON-56 AND
LIGHTER ELEMENTS), AND BY
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS DURING THE
SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION FOR ELEMENTS
HEAVIER THAN IRON.

SUPERNOVAE ARE CANDIDATE SITES FOR

THE R-PROCESS, WHICH IS A RAPID FORM
OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS. THE REACTIONS
PRODUCE HIGHLY UNSTABLE NUCLEI THAT
ARE RICH IN NEUTRONS WHICH ARE
UNSTABLE AND RAPIDLY BETA DECAY INTO

WHAT OF OUR SUN?

THE SUN DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH MASS

TO BECOME A SUPERNOVA
WHEN THE SUN COMES TO THE END OF ITS
LIFE (IN ABOUT 5 BILLION YEARS) IT WILL
SLOWLY EMERGE INTO A RED GIANT. THE
DYING SUN WILL THEN THROW OFF ITS
OUTER LAYERS, FORMING A NEBULA. THE
ONLY OBJECT REMAINING WILL BE THE
EXTREMELY HOT CORE, WHICH WILL
SLOWLY COOL AND THEN FADE AS A WHITE
DWARF OVER MANY BILLIONS OF YEARS.
OUR SUN IS PROBABLY THE THIRD STAR

MILKY WAY CANDIDATES

SEVERAL LARGE STARS WITHIN THE
MILKY WAY HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED
AS POSSIBLE SUPERNOVAE WITHIN
THE NEXT MILLION YEARS. THESE
INCLUDE
RHO CASSIOPEIAE
ETA CARINAE,
RS OPHIUCHI,
U SCORPII,..........
SEVERAL REMAIN UNKNOWN AS THEY

CONCLUSION