S

C
I
T
A
M
E
H
T
MA
REVIEW

CHERS
EA
T
L
A
N
IO
S
S
FE
O
R
P
R
FO
N
BOARD EXAMINATIO

PEMDAS RULE
WHEN EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS, ALWAYS BE
GUIDED BY THE ORDER OF OPERATIONS:

SIMPLIFY ALL OPERATIONS INSIDE PARENTHESES

SIMPLIFY ALL EXPONENTS
PERFORM ALL MULTIPLICATIONS AND DIVISIONS WORKING FROM LEFT

TO RIGHT
PERFORM ALL ADDITIONS AND SUBTRACTIONS, WORKING FROM LEFT TO
RIGHT

REMEMBER ALL MNEMONIC P-E-M-D-A-S

PRIME, COMPOSITE, NATURAL,

DENOMINATE
NUMBERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS PRIME, COMPOSITE, NATURAL, OR
DENOMINATE:

A PRIME NUMBER IS A POSITIVE NUMBER WHICH MAY ONLY BE DIVIDED BY 1 OR

ITSELF.
A COMPOSITE NUMBER IS A POSITIVE NUMBER WHICH HAS A POSITIVE DIVISOR
OTHER 1 OR ITSELF. ALL EVEN NUMBERS ARE COMPOSITE EXCEPT THE NUMBER 2.
A NATURAL NUMBER LIKE 0 OR 1 IS NEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE
A DENOMINATE NUMBER IS A NUMBER WITH AN ATTACHED UNIT OF
MEASUREMENT

PRIME FACTORIZATION
PRIME FACTORIZATION IS THE PROCESS OF FINDING WHICH

PRIME NUMBERS YOU NEED TO MULTIPLY TOGETHER TO GET THE

ORIGINAL NUMBER. THERE ARE 2 METHODS OF PRIME
FACTORIZATION:

FACTOR TREE
CONTINUOUS DIVISION METHOD

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE

THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE IS THE SMALLEST MULTIPLE THAT

2 NUMBERS HAVE IN COMMON, THE GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

IS THE LARGEST MULTIPLE THAT CAN EXACTLY DIVIDE 2
NUMBERS. TO OBTAIN THE LCM OR GCF, PERFRORM PRIME
FACTORIZATION OF THE 2 NUMBERS AND COMPARE THEIR PRIME
FACTORS.

FOR LCM AFTER YOU LIST DOWN THE PRIME FACTORS, MARK SIMILAR
PRIME FACTORS AS ONE PAIR. AFTER YOU HAVE DONE SO, MULTIPLY
TOGETHER THE PAIRED AND UNPAIRED PRIME FACTORS

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE IS THE SMALLEST MULTIPLE THAT

2 NUMBERS HAVE IN COMMON, THE GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

IS THE LARGEST MULTIPLE THAT CAN EXACTLY DIVIDE 2
NUMBERS. TO OBTAIN THE LCM OR GCF, PERFRORM PRIME
FACTORIZATION OF THE 2 NUMBERS AND COMPARE THEIR PRIME
FACTORS.

FOR GCF, AFTER YOU LIST DOWN THE PRIME FACTORS, MARK SIMILAR
PRIME FACTORS AS ONE PAIR. AFTER YOU HAVE DONE SO, MULTIPLY
TOGETHER THE PAIRED PRIME FACTORS ONLY.

DIVISIBILITY RULES
PLEASE BE GUIDED BY THE FOLLOWING DIVISIBILITY RULES

2 LAST DIGIT IS EVEN

3 SUM OF DIGITS IS CLEARLY DIVISIBLE BY 3
4 LAST 2 DIGITS ARE DIVISIBLE BY 4
5 LAST DIGIT IS 0 OR 5
6 IT IS DIVISIBLE BY 2 AND BY 3
7 SUBTRACT 2 TIMES THE LAST DIGIT FROM THE REST. THE RESULT

SHOULD BE DIVISIBLE BY 7
8 THE LAST THREE DIGITS ARE DIVISIBLE BY 8
9 SUM OF THE DIGITS IS DIVISIBLE BY 9
10 THE LAST DIGIT IS 0

RATIO AND PROPORTION

A RATIO IS AN EXPRESSION OF THE RELATIVE SIZE OF TWO

QUANTITIES; IT IS USUALLY EXPRESSED AS THE QUOTIENT OF ONE

NUMBER DIVIDED BY THE OTHER. THE RATIO OF 1 TO 2 IS
WRITTEN AS 1:2 OR 1/2

A PROPORTION IS A STATEMENT OF EQUALITY BETWEEN TWO

RATIOS. THE RATIO OF 1:2 TO 3:6 FORMS THE PROPORTION 1:2 =

3:6 OR 1/2 = 3/6

PERCENTAGE, BASE AND RATE

THE PERCENTAGE IS A FRACTION OF THE ORIGINAL NUMBER

THAT IS OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING THE RATE AND THE BASE. IN

PROBLEMS, IT IS THE NUMBER THAT COMES BEFORE THE WORD
IS

THE BASE IS THE NUMBER OR QUANTITY WHICH REPRESENTS

THE ORIGINAL NUMBER. IT ALSO REPRESENTS THE TOTAL. IT IS

OBTAINED BY DIVIDING THE PERCENTAGE BY THE RATE. IN
PROBLEMS, IT IS THE NUMBER THAT COMES AFTER THE WORD
OF

PERCENTAGE, BASE, AND RATE

THE RATE IS THE NUMBER THAT REPRESENTS THE PERCENT. IT IS
OBTAINED BY DIVIDING THE PERCENTAGE BY THE BASE. IN
PROBEMS, IT IS THE NUMBER THAT IS ATTACHED TO THE WORD
PERCENT OR TO A % SIGN.

TO FACILITATE RECALL OF THE FORMULAE FOR PERCENTAGE,

BASE AND RATE, DRAW A PBR TRIANGLE

P
B

MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT IS THE PROCESS OR THE RESULT OF
DETERMINING THE MAGNITUDE OF A QUANTITY

PERIMETER THE TOTAL DISTANCE AROUND ANY 2 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE

AREA THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SPACE THAT A 2 DIMENSIONAL OBJECT

OCCUPIES. IT IS MEASURED IN SQUARE UNITS (I.E. SQUARE METERS,

SQUARE CENTIMETERS)
VOLUME IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SPACE OCCUPIED BY A 3DIMENSIONAL OBJECT. IT IS MEASURED IN CUBIC UNITS

PERIMETER
PERIMETER OF A TRIANGLE = A + B + C, WHERE A, B, C,

REPRESENT THE LENGTHS OF THE 3 SIDES OF A TRIANGLE

PERIMETER OF A RECTANGLE = 2L + 2W, WHERE L AND W

REPRESENT THE LENGTH AND WIDTH RESPECTIVELY

PERIMETER OF A SQUARE = 4S, WHERE S REPRESENTS THE

LENGTH OF ONE SIDE OF THE SQUARE

PERIMETER OF A CIRCLE = 2R, WHERE REPRESENTS THE

CONSTANT EQUAL TO 3.1416 AND R REPRESENTS THE RADIUS OF

THE CIRCLE

AREA

AREA OF A TRIANGLE = 1/2 BH, WHERE B REPRESENTS THE BASE

AND H REPRESENTS THE PERPENDICULAR HEIGHT.

AREA OF A RECTANGLE = LW, WHERE L REPRESENTS LENGTH AND

W REPRESENTS WIDTH RESPECTIVELY.

AREA OF A SQUARE = S , WHERE S REPRESENTS THE LENGTH OF

2

ONE SIDE OF THE SQUARE

AREA OF A CIRCLE = R , WHERE REPRESENTS THE CONSTANT

2

EQUAL TO 3.1416 AND R REPRESENTS THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE

VOLUME
VOLUME OF A CUBE = S , WHERE S IS THE LENGTH OF 1 SIDE OF
3

THE CUBE

VOLUME OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM = LWH, WHERE L IS THE

LENGTH, W IS THE WIDTH, AND H IS THE HEIGHT.

VOLUME OF A CYLINDER = R H, WHERE REPRESENTS THE

2

CONSTANT EQUAL TO 3.1416, R IS THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCULAR

BASE, AND H IS THE HEIGHT

VOLUME OF A CONE = (1/3)(R H)

2

VOLUME
VOLUME OF A PYRAMID = (1/3) (BH), WHERE B IS THE AREA OF
THE BASE AND H IS THE HEIGHT

VOLUME OF A SPHERE = 4/3 R

SIMPLE CONVERSION (METRIC)

METERS STANDARD UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
DEC
A

DEC
I

104 103 102 101

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4

MEGA KILO HECTO

MILL
CENTI
I

MICRO

GEOMETRY
A LINE IS A SERIES OF POINTS THAT EXTENDS TO TWO OPPOSITE

DIRECTIONS WITHOUT END. TWO POINTS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINE

A LINE. IT HAS NO FIXED LENGTH OR WIDTH. IT IS CONSIDERED
INFINITELY LONG.

POINT OF INTERSECTION IS THE POINT WHERE TWO LINES MEET OR

COME TOGETHER
PERPENDICULAR LINES FORM RIGHT ANGLES AT THEIR POINT OF
INTERSECTION
PARALLEL LINES ARE LINES THAT DO NOT HAVE ANY POINT OF
INTERSECTION. THEY WILL NEVER INTERSECT EACH OTHER.

GEOMETRY

A CURVED LINE IS A LINE THAT REPRESENTS MATHEMATICAL

EQUATION. IT MAY BE TWO-DIMENSIONAL OR THREEDIMENSIONAL

AN ANGLE IS A FIGURE FORMED BY TWO RAYS SHARING A

COMMON ENDPOINT CALLED THE VERTEX OF AN ANGLE. ANGLES

ARE MEASURED IN DEGREES.

RIGHT ANGLE MEASUREMENT IS EQUAL TO 90 DEGREES

ACUTE ANGLE MEASUREMENT IS LESS THAN 90 DEGREES
OBTUSE ANGLE MEASUREMENT IS GREATER THAN 90 BUT LESS THAN
180 DEGREES

ANGLES
AN ANGLE IS A FIGURE FORMED BY TWO RAYS SHARING A

COMMON ENDPOINT CALLED THE VERTEX OF AN ANGLE. ANGLES

ARE MEASURED IN DEGREES.

STRAIGHT ANGLE MEASUREMENT IS EXACTLY 180 DEGREES

REFLEX ANGLE MEASUREMENT IS MORE THAN 180 BUT LESS THAN 360

DEGREES
TWO ANGLES ARE COMPLEMENTARY IF THEIR SUM IS 90 DEGREES
TWO ANGLES ARE SUPPLEMENTARY IF THEIR SUM IS 180 DEGREES

ANGLES
A TRIANGLE IS A PLAN GEOMETRIC FIGURE WITH THREE

VERTICES AND THREE SIDES. THE SUM OF THE THREE INTERNAL

ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE IS EQUAL TO 180 DEGREES

TRIANGLES MAY BE CLASSIFIED ON THE LENGTH OF SIDES:

EQUILATERAL ALL SIDES EQUAL
ISOSCELES TWO SIDES EQUAL
SCALENE NO SIDE EQUAL

TRIANGLES
TRIANGLES MAY BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE MEASURE OF
INTERNAL ANGLES:

RIGHT TRIANGLE HAS EXACTLY ONE RIGHT ANGLE AMONG ITS INTERNAL

ANGLES
ACUTE TRIANGLE IS COMPOSED OF THREE ACUTE INTERNAL ANGLES
OBTUSE TRIANGLE HAS EXACTLY 1 OBTUSE TRIANGLE AMONG ITS
ANGLES

TRIANGLES
SPECIAL TRIANGLES HAVE PROPERTIES THAT ALLOW US
COMPUTE ALGEBRAICALLY THE LENGTHS OF THEIR
CORRESPONDING SIDES

RIGHT TRIANGLE FOLLOWS THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

30-60-90 TRIANGLE

HYPOTENUSE IS 2 TIMES THE LENGTH OF THE SHORTER SIDE

THE LENGTH OF THE LONGER LEG IS EQUAL TO THE SHORTER LEG MULTIPLIED
BY THE SQUARE ROOT OF 3

TRIANGLES

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES

THE HEIGHT IS DEFINED BY:

THE AREA IS DEFINED BY:

QUADRILATERALS
QUADRILATERAL IS A PLANE GEOMETRIC FIGURE WITH EXACTLY
FOUR SIDES AND FOUR VERTICES. THE SUM OF THE MEASURES
OF THE INTERIOR ANGLES IS EXACTLY 360 DEGREES.

PARALLELOGRAM IS A QUADRILATERAL WITH TWO PAIRS OF PARALLEL

SIDES
A RECTANGLE IS A QUADRILATERAL WITH FOUR RIGHT INTERNAL ANGLES
A SQUARE IS A QUADRILATERAL WITH FOUR EQUAL SIDES AND FOUR
EQUAL ANGLES
A RHOMBUS IS A QUADRILATERAL WITH FOUR EQUAL SIDES

POLYGONS
A POLYGON IS A PLANE GEOMETRIC FIGURE BOUNDED BY A

CLOSED PATH OR CIRCUIT COMPOSED OF FINITE SEQUENCE OF A

STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENTS.

SEGMENTS ARE CALLED SIDES AND THE POINTS WHERE TWO

EDGES MEET ARE CALLED VERTICES.

POLYGONS ARE NAMED BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIDES

A REGULAR POLYGON HAS EQUAL LENGTH OF ALL SIDES AND
EQUAL MEASURE OF ALL INTERIOR ANGLES

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION IS A MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION

MADE UP OF THE SIGNS AND SYMBOLS OF ALGEBRA. THESE

SYMBOLS INCLUDE THE ARABIC NUMERALS, LITERAL NUMBERS,
THE SIGNS OF OPERATIONS, AND SO FORTH.

THE COMPONENTS OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION ARE CALLED

TERMS. BASED ON THE TERMS, SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS ARE
GIVEN TO ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS.

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
A POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION IS A MONOMIAL OR A SUM OF
MONOMIALS

THE DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION WITH ONE VARIABLE IS THE

VALUE OF THE LARGEST EXPONENT OF THE VARIABLE THAT APPEARS IN
ANY TERM.

LAWS OF EXPONENTS
MULTIPLYING POWERS WITH LIKE BASES
RAISING A POWER TO A POWER
RAISING A PRODUCT TO A POWER
ZERO POWER
NEGATIVE POWER
RAISING A QUOTIENT TO A POWER

FACTORING
FACTORING MEANS WRITING IT AS A PRODUCT OF 2 OR MORE
MONOMIALS

COMMON MONOMIAL FACTORING

GROUPINGS
SQUARE OF BINOMIAL
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
QUADRATIC FORMULA

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING IN A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, THE

TOTAL POSSIBLE NUMBER OF WAYS ALL EVENTS CAN BE PERFORMED IS THE

PRODUCT OF THE POSSIBLE NUMBER OF WAYS EACH INDIVIDUAL EVENT CAN
BE PERFORMED.

FACTORIAL
PERMUTATION IS AN ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS WITHOUT REPITITION
WHERE ORDER IS IMPORTANT.

COMBINATION IS AN ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS WITHOUT REPITITION

WHERE ORDER IS NOT IMPORTANT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY IS A MEASURE OF CERTAINTY OR UNCERTAINTY
THAT AN EVENT WILL HAPPEN. IT RANGES FROM 0 T0 1.

THE PROBABILITY OF AN IMPOSSIBLE EVENT IS 0

THE PROBABILITY OF A CERTAIN EVENT IS 1
THE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT IS EXPRESSED MATHEMATICALLY AS:
P(E) = NUMBER OF WANTED OUTCOMES
NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE

WORD PROBLEMS
IN THREE MORE YEARS, MIGUEL'S GRANDFATHER WILL BE SIX
TIMES AS OLD AS MIGUEL WAS LAST YEAR. WHEN MIGUEL'S
PRESENT AGE IS ADDED TO HIS GRANDFATHER'S PRESENT
AGE, THE TOTAL IS68. HOW OLD IS EACH ONE NOW?

ONE-HALF OF HEATHER'S AGE TWO YEARS FROM NOW PLUS

ONE-THIRD OF HER AGE THREE YEARS AGO IS TWENTY
YEARS. HOW OLD IS SHE NOW?