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Digital Signal
Processing
Lecture-2
29th July,2008, Tuesday
ETE 309
Course Teacher
Sabbir Ahmed
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Information
and
Communication Engineering (ICE)
Rajshahi University.
Text
Signals and Systems
By
Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen
Reference
Digital Signal Processing
Concepts and Applications
By
Bernerd Mulgrew, Peter Grant and John
Thompson
3
Course outline
contd.
contd.
Flexibility
Only change of software can change the
functionality of a hardware. (e.g. filter)
Repeatability
Normally does not suffer from external effects
like supply voltage or room temperature when
repeating the same tasks again and again.
Classification of Signals
Continuous-time signal
A signal x(t) that is defined for all values of time t.
x(t)
contd.
Discrete-time signal
A signal that is defined only at discrete
instants of time.
The independent variable only has discrete
values which are usually equally placed
Often derived from a continuous timesignal by sampling it at a uniform rate
Way of Representation
x[n] x mt , n 0,1,2,...
m Sampling int erval
Fourier Representation of
Signals
10
ETE 309
Digital Signal
Processing
Lecture-3
3rd August,2008, Sunday
12
y[n] h[k]x[n k]
k
h[k]e j(n k )
k
e jn h[k]e jk
k
H(e j )e jn
13
Periodic
Continuous Fourier
Series
(t)
Discrete
[n]
Non-periodic
Fourier
Transform
(FS)
(FT)
DiscreteTime
Fourier
Series
Discrete-Time Fourier
Transform
(DTFT)
(DTFS)
14
DTFS or FS
15
For DTFS
Complex sinusoids with discrete frequencies are
not always distinct since discrete complex
A[k]e
k N
For FS
Continuous complex sinusoids with discrete frequencies
are always distinct.
17
DTFS
contd.
2
1
x
[
n
]
x
[
n
]
N k N
18
DTFS
contd.
where,
X[k]
1 N 1
jk0n
x[n]e
N n 0
DTFS
contd.
Example
N=5, so 0=2/5
20
DTFS Example
X[k]
1 51
jk2n / 5
x[n]e
5 n 0
1
1 0.5e
5
1
1 0.5e
5
1
1 0.5e
5
contd.
1
x[0]e 0 x[1]e jk2 / 5 x[2]e jk 4 / 5 x[3]e jk 6 / 5 x[ 4]e jk8 / 5
5
0.5e jk8 / 5
jk2 / 5
jk2 / 5
1
1 0.5e jk2 / 5 0.5e jk2 / 5
5
1
X[k] 1 j sin(2k / 5)
5
jk2 / 5
21
DTFS Example
contd.
X[k]
1
1 j sin(2k / 5)
5
X[0] 0.2e 0
22
DTFS Example
contd.
23
DTFS Example 2.
Example
N=6, so 0=2/6= /3
24
DTFS Example 2
X[k]
1 61
jkn / 3
x[n]e
6 n 0
1
x[0]e 0 x[1]e jk / 3 x[2]e jk2 / 3 x[3]e jk x[ 4]e jk 4 / 3 x[5]e jk5 / 3
6
1
1 2e
6
contd.
1
1 2e jk / 3 0 0 0 2e jk5 / 3
6
jk / 3
2e jk2 .e jk / 3
X[k]
1
1 4 cos(k / 3)
6
25
ETE 309
Digital Signal
Processing
Lecture-4
7th August,2008, Thursday
27
Example
contd.
x[n]
1 j( n / 3)
{e
e j( n / 3) }
2
x[n]
N 1
1 j jn / 3 1 j jn / 3
e e
e e
2
2
k 0
0
1
e j
2
x[2] 0
x[1]
x[3] 0
x[ 4] 0
x[5]
1
e j
2
28
X(e j ) x[n]e jn
n
29
DTFT contd.
x[n]
0, n M
30
DTFT contd.
x[n]
-M
[n]
x
-M
2M+1
[n]
x[n] lim x
M
31
DTFT contd.
M
1
[n]e jk0n
X[k]
x
2M 1 n M
1
jk0n
X[k]
x[n]e
2M 1 n
32
DTFT contd.
X(e j ) x[n]e jn
n
So we get
[n]
x
M
1
jk0
)e jk0n
X(e
2M 1 k M
Applying limit
1 M
jk0
)e jk0n 0
X(e
2 k M
1 M
jk0
[n] lim
x[n] lim x
)e jk0n 0
X(e
M
M 2 k M
33
DTFT contd.
Finally
1
j jn
x[n]
d
X(e )e
2
1
j jn
x[n]
d
X(e )e
2
X(e
) x[n]e jn
n
1
X(e j )d
2
34
) x[n]e jn
n
If
x[n]
Or If
x[n]
35
-M
Defined by
1, M n M
x[n]
0, n M
36
contd.
) 1e jn
n M
X(e
) e j(mM)
m0
jM
2M
)e
jM
2M
jm
e
m 0
1 e j(2M 1)
j
, 0,2,4....
1e
2M 1, 0,2,4....
37
X(e j ) x[n]e jn
n
So we get
[n]
x
M
1
jk0
)e jk0n
X(e
2M 1 k M
contd.
Applying limit
1 M
jk0
)e jk0n 0
X(e
2 k M
1 M
jk0
[n] lim
x[n] lim x
)e jk0n 0
X(e
M
M 2 k M
38
contd.
X(e
)e
)e
jM
1 e j(2M 1)
1 e j
jM
X(e
e j / 2 ( e j / 2 e j / 2 )
e j(2M 1) / 2 e j(2M1) / 2
( e j / 2 e j / 2 )
X(e j )
U sin g L'Hospital's rule
lim
sin((2M 1) / 2)
sin( / 2)
0, 2, 4 ,...
X(e j )
sin((2M 1) / 2)
2M 1
sin( / 2)
39
ETE 309
Digital Signal
Processing
Lecture-5
11th August,2008, Monday
DTFT Example
X(e
) u[n]e
jn
n e jn
n 0
1
1 e j
, for 1
1
1 cos j sin
X(e j )
1
(1 2 cos )1 / 2
2
41
DTFT Example
42
DTFT Example
43
DTFT Example
44
DTFT Example
Find the DTFT of x[n]=2(3)nu[-n]
2 (3e j )n
n
(3e j ) (3e j )1
1 3e
an1 an2 1
u sin g a
,a 1
1a
k n1
n2
3e j
1 3e j
2
1
1 e j
3
45
Periodicity
DTFS and DTFT are periodic
Since complex sinusoids are 2-periodic functions
of frequency.
That is, discrete-time sinusoids whose frequency
differ by integer multiples of 2 are identical.
46
contd.
Linearity
All Fourier representations are linear in nature
DTFT
DTFS,0
47
contd.
Symmetry
Fourier
Representation
Real-valued
Time Signal
Imaginary
Valued Time
Signal
DTFS and
DTFT
Magnitude
Spectrum
even function
and Phase
spectrum
odd function
Magnitude
Spectrum odd
function and
Phase
spectrum
even function
48
contd.
Convolution Property
Considering the convolution of two non-periodic continuoustime signal x(t) and h(t), we define y(t) as
y(t) h(t) x(t)
y(t) h()x(t )d
1
j( t )
d
X( j)e
2
jt j
y(t) h()
X
(
j
)
e
e
d
1
j
y(t)
h
(
)
e
d X( j)e jt d
2
49
contd.
Convolution Property
Now, remembering that the inner integral is FT of h(), we
can write
1
j t
j
y(t)
d
H( j)X( j)e d Since H( j) h()e
2
1
j t
Re calling, y(t)
Y( j)e d
2
We find, Y( j) H( j)X( j)
Finally,
FT
contd.
Convolution Properties
FT
DTFS,0
)H(e
NX[k]H[k]
51