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Atmospheric Thickness
Over 90% of
atmosphere in
the lowest 16km
& is where nearly
all weather occurs
Temperature Basics
Temperature Layers
Due to Solar
winds,
Cosmic rays
Due to
ozone
absorption
of sunlight
Decreasing
rate w/
height
(Lapse
rate):
6.5 oC/km
Due to
surface
heating
(Longwave,
Latent heat,
Sensible heat)
Sub-layers in troposphere
An artists view
Video
Weather: Wind
Horizontal distribution of
temperature
Controls on temperature
1. Latitudinal Variations in Net Radiation
tropic-to-tropic energy surplus
poles energy deficits
~ 38o N/S balance
imbalance of net radiation at surface
Equator/Tropics vs. high latitudes
drives global circulation
agents: wind, ocean currents,
weather systems
Daily/Seasonal Radiation
Patterns
insolation peak vs. temperature
daily lag
seasonal lag
Lag is function of type of surface, wetness, wind, etc
Seasonal
Temp
Distributio
T decreases poleward
ns T gradient in winter
larger
Controls on temperature
2. Land-water contrasts
Surface influences heating:
Heat Capacity water > land (water takes longer heat/cool)
Mixing fluids can be physically mixed
Transparency greater penetration (distributed over greater volume)
Evaporation consumes large amount of energy big over water
Controls on temperature
3. Atmospheric circulation
large scale circulation patterns resulted from pressure differences (gradients)
generates winds move warm/cold air around affects temperature
influences cloud cover
Controls on temperature
4. Ocean currents
Red/orange = 25-29oC
Yellow/green = 17-24oC
Blue = 10-16oC
Purple = 2-9oC
Controls on temperature
5. Altitude
Temperature decreases with increasing altitude
ground acts as heat source
Controls on temperature
6. Local effects
Summary