Prepared By:- SUSHIL KUMAR

INTRODUCTION
The pipes are hollow circular cylinders are used for
transporting various fluids such as water, steam, gases,
oils and other chemicals from one place to another.
The pipes are usually connected to vessels from which
they transport the fluid.
The extensive use of pipes is found in water supply and
. sewage disposal system, oil refineries, food processing
plants, chemical plants and power stations.
The pipes are also used as structural
elements such as columns and hand rails.
The pipes are made of large no. of materials
such as cast iron, wrought iron or malleable
iron, steel, brass, copper, aluminium, lead,
concrete, plastic, rubber etc.
The choice of material depends upon the
purpose for which the pipe is used.
Metal pipes. Plastic (PVC) pipes in USA
Classification Of Pipes
The pipes, according to the material and their use, are
classified as follows :-
 Cast iron pipes :- The cast iron pipes are used only
for low pressures application because of its low
resistance to shocks.
They are best suited for water, gases and sewage
systems.
The C.I. pipes for water, gas and sewage are
available in various sizes from 80 mm to 1500 mm
nominal bore and lengths upto 4 meters.
 Wrought iron pipes
The wrought iron pipes are used for carrying water
and gas at low pressure for domestic purpose.
The pipes are galvanised by dipping them in a
molten zinc. Such pipes are also known as
galvanised iron pipes.
Galvanizing prevents corrosion of pipes.
The pipes are available in various sizes from 6 mm
to 150 mm nominal bore and length from 4 to7
meters.
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Steel Pipes
The steel pipes are used for carrying water,
steam, gas, sewage and air at a high
pressure.
As compared to cast iron and wrought iron
pipes , the steel pipes have greater strength,
less liable to breakage and longer length upto
12 meters.
Steel pipes are available in various sizes from
50 mm to 1800 mm nominal bore.

A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping, stop valves regulate flow to various parts of the building.
 Copper and Brass
pipes
The copper and brass pipes are generally used for
hot water systems, refrigeration systems and
general plumbing work.
Copper and brass pipes corrosion resistant and are
suitable for processing plants where scale and
oxidation of steel pipes are harmful.
The copper and brass pipes can easily bent or
coiled to the desired shape.
These pipes are available in straight lengths upto 4
meters.
It may be noted that the copper pipes of less
than 50mm diameter are called tubes.
 Aluminium pipes
The aluminium pipes are used in aircraft and
marine applications, because of its light in
weight.
They are also used for furniture and
decorative work.
 Lead pipes
The lead pipes are used for sanitary
purposes .
These pipes are made by expanding molten
lead through die over a mandrel.
The lead pipes can be easily bent to the
desired shape.
The lead pipes are available with nominal
internal diameter ranging from 10 mm to 125
mm and thickness from 2 to 10mm.

An original Roman lead pipe with a folded seam, at the Roman Baths in Bath, UK.
 Concrete pipes
The reinforced cement concrete pipes are widely used for
water mains , sewers, culverts and in irrigation.
These pipes are made in three types i.e. light duty, medium
duty and heavy duty.
The light duty pipes made with nominal internal dia. Ranging
from 80 mm to 2200 mm and thickness from 20 to 110 mm
The medium duty pipes have 80 mm to 2600 mm nominal
internal dia. And thickness from 25 mm to 215 mm.
The heavy duty pipes have 80 mm to 1200 mm nominal
internal dia. And thickness from 25 mm to 65 mm.
 Plastic pipes
The plastic pipes are also called P.V.C. pipes.
These pipes are cheap and light in weight.
They are extensively used for sanitary purpose
and electric wire conduits.
These pipes are resistant to most inorganic
acids, alkalies and salts as well as to many
organic chemicals and do not corrode.
Plastic pipes are widely used in chemical
industry.
 Rubber pipes
The rubber pipes are flexible and are
available in coils.

These pipes are used in household work for

water, oil and gas.
 Indian Standard
Specification for Pipes
According to Indian Standards [IS : 1239 (Part
I )-1990] the pipe size is designated by the
nominal bore of the pipe.
For example, a 15 mm pipe means that the
dia. Of bore is 15 mm.
For each nominal bore, there are three types
of pipes, i.e. light , medium and heavy
depending upon the wall thickness of the
pipe.
Pipe Fitting
 PIPE FITTINGS
The pipe fittings are used to join adjacent lengths
of pipes.
They are also frequently used to provide change
in direction, to provide branch connections at
different angles or to effect a change in size.
They are made of cast iron, malleable iron, cast
or forged steel, non-ferrous alloys and other
materials for special application.
The non-ferrous are made for threaded, solder
and flanged joints.
The various screwed fittings commonly used
with malleable iron or steel pipes are as
follows:
1. Tee- It is used to connect a branch pipe at right
angles to the main pipe line. The tee may be of equal
size or of reducing size.
2. Elbow – It is used to connect pipes at right angles.
The elbow may be of equal size or of reducing size.
3. Cross – It is used to connect four pipes at right
angles to each other.
4. Socket- It is used to connect two pipes of same
diameter.
5. Reducing socket – It is used to connect
two pipes of different diameters.
6. Nipple or coupler – It is a small length
pipe having outsode threads at the ends. It is
used to get extra length of pipe , by screwing it
with the two pipes having internal threads.
7. Union – It is used to connect two pipes and
can be disconnected easily when desired.
8. Plug – It has external threads and is used with
a tee or cross to close the opening of ba pipe
which is left for further use.
9. Cap – It has internal threads and is used to
close the threaded end of the pipe.
 Pipe joints
 We have already discussed that the lengths of pipes
available are limited .
 Therefore various lengths of pipes have to be joined to suit
any particular installation.
 There are various forms of pipes joints used in common
practice ,but the most common of them are discussed
below :
Socket or coupler joint : The most common
method of joining pipes is by means of a socket or a
coupler .
 A socket is a small piece of pipe threaded inside . It is
screwed on half way on the threaded end of one pipe and the
other pipe is then screwed in the remaining of the socket .
 In order to prevent leakage ,jute or hemp is wound around
the threads at the end of each pipe.
This type of joints is mostly used for pipes
carrying water at low pressure and where the
overall smallness of size is most essential.
 Nipple joint

In this type of joint , a nipple which is a small

piece of pipe threaded outside is screwed in
the internally threaded end of each pipe.
The disadvantage of this joint is that it
reduces the area of flow.
 Spigot and socket
joint
A spigot and socket joint is chiefly used for
pipes which are buried in the earth.
These joints are adopted for connecting cast
iron pipes in underground installations.
One of the important feature of this joint is its
flexibility as it as it adopts itself to small
changes in level due to settlement of earth
which takes place due to climate and other
conditions.
 Expansion joints
The pipes carrying steam at high pressure are
usually joined by means of expansion joints.
This joint is used in steam pipes to take up
expansion and contraction of pipe line due to
change of temperature.
 Flanged joint
It is one of the most widely used pipe joint.
The flanges are connected by means of bolts.
The flanged have been standardised for
pressure upto 2N/mm².
The joint may be made leak proof by placing a
gasket of soft material, rubber between the
flanges.
The flanges are made thicker than the pipe
walls, for strength.
 Hydraulic pipe joint
The flanged joint, which is used on high –
pressure water pipes and is called “Hydraulic
Pipe Joint”
This type of joint has oval flanges and are
fastened by means of two bolts.
The oval flanges are usually used for small
pipes upto 175 mm dia.
Such joints are used to carry fluid pressure
varying from 5 to 14 N/mm².
 Cementing
Cementing and gluing is a common method of
connecting plastic pipes.

It is easy and takes no special tools and skills.

(.
 Welded joints
These can be subjected to high pressure, but
cannot be assembled.
Copper and brass pipes are usually connected
by soldering. Welded joints are light weighted
and less bulky than screwed flanged fittings.

De)soldering a contact from a wire

 Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two or more
metal items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal
having a relatively low melting point.
 Soft soldering is characterized by the melting
point of the filler metal, which is below 400 °C
(752 °F).]
 The filler metal used in the process is called
solder.
soldered copper pipes
 Pipe Wrenches
Pipe wrenches are used to turn pipes , round
bars etc. or for assembling and disassembling
them from fittings.
Pipe wrenches are made in several designs
but most commonly used are adjustable type
wrenches, which have movable part and a
main body.
The opening of jaws , depend upon the
movable part of the wrench.
 Pipe Cutting
The pipes are available in standard lengths in
markets.
In order to meet the requirements, it is
sometimes desired to cut or extend the
standard lengths to suit our requirements.
Pipes can be cut by two tools :

Hacksaw and pipe

cutter