Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 27

Relational Database Management

System (RDBMS)-I
File based approach
vs
Database approach

Presented By:
Gauravdeep Singh

Objective
Objective of this training is to make all able to

understand the basic concepts of file system


and database.
To introduce the problems with traditional file
system and advantages of database over file
system.

Index
What is file System?
Characteristics of file system
Traditional method of data storage
Problems with Traditional approach
What is database and DBMS?
Advantages of DBMS
Difference between file system and database

File System
File

system was an early attempt to


computerize the manual filing system.
A file system is a method for storing and
organizing computer files and the data to
make it easy to find and access.
File Systems may use a storage device such
as a hard disk or CD-ROM.

Characteristics of File Processing


System
It is group of files storing data of an organization.
Each file is independent from one another.
Each file is called flat file.
Each file contained and processed information for

one specific function like accounting or inventory.


Files are designed by using application programs
written in programming languages such as
COBOL, C, C++, etc.

Flat file
A flat file is a file containing records that have no

structured interrelationship

Traditional Method of Data Storage

Problems: Traditional approach


Data Security
Data Redundancy and Inconsistency.
Data Isolation
Concurrent Access Anomalies

Data Security
The data as maintained in flat files is easily

accessible and therefore not secure.


Example: the Customer_Transaction file has
details about the total available balance of all
customers.
A customer wants information about his/her
account balance.
In a file system it is difficult to give the customer
access to only his/her data in the file.
Thus enforcing security constraints for entire file
or for certain data items are difficult.

Data Redundancy
Often the same information is duplicated in

two or more files.


It may lead to inconsistency
Assume the same data is repeated in two or
more files. If change is made to data in one
file, it is required that change be made to the
data in the other file as well.
If this is not done, it will lead to multiple
different values for same data field.

Data Isolation
Data isolation means that all the related data

is not available in one file.


Generally, the data scattered in various files,
and the files may be in different formats,
therefore writing new application programs to
retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.

Concurrent Access Anomalies


Many systems allow multiple users to update the data

simultaneously. In such environment, interaction of concurrent


updates may result in inconsistent data.
Example: Bank account A containing Rs. 6000/-. If two
transactions of withdraw funds( Rs 500/- and Rs 1000/respectively) from account about same time, result of the
concurrent executions may leave the account in an incorrect
state.
Program on the behalf of each withdrawal read the old
balance, reduce amount and write result back.
If both two programs are concurrent they both may read the
value Rs 6000/-.
Depending on which one writes the value last, the account
may contain either Rs 5500/- or Rs 5000/-, rather than the
correct value of Rs 4500/-

What is the solution?

Database Approach

In order to remove all the above limitations of

the File Based Approach, a new approach was


required that must be more effective known as
Database approach.
A

database is a computer based record


keeping system whose over all purpose is to
record and maintain information.

The database is a single, large repository of

data, which can be used simultaneously by


many departments and users.

The Database Management System (DBMS)

DBMS A database management system is the software system that

allows users to define, create and maintain a database and provides


controlled access to the data.

A database management system (DBMS) is basically a collection of

programs that enables users to store, modify, and extract information


from a database as per the requirements.

DBMS is an intermediate layer between programs and the data.

Programs access the DBMS, which then accesses the data.

The following are some examples of database applications:

Banking System

College Management System

Inventory Control System

Hospital Management

Where does the DBMS fit(example)?

Difference Between File and DBMS


Operations

Advantages of DBMS
Controlling redundancy
Enforces integrity constraints
Better security
Better flexibility
Effective data sharing
Enables backup and recovery

Controlling Redundancy
Redundant Data

Non-Redundant Database
In case of centralized database, data can

be shared by number of applications.

Every application can access the information of


others by joining on the basis of column ( eg
Rollno )

Enforcing Integrity
Constraints
Integrity of data means that data in database is always

accurate.
Integrity constraints are enforced on database.
Example: Let us consider the case of college database and
suppose that college having only Btech, Mtech, MCA, MSc, BCA,
BBA and Bcom. But if a user enters the class MS, then incorrect
information must not be stored in database and must be
prompted that this is an invalid entry. Integrity is to be enforced
on class attribute.
In file system this constraint must be enforced an all the
application separately.
In case of DBMS this integrity constraint is applied only once on
the class field of the General Office.

How to enforce integrity?


Integrity rules:
Entity Integrity rule: Primary key value should
not be null (Mandatory field)
Referential Integrity: The values of foreign key
should match the primary key in parent table.

Solution to concurrency Anomaly


S (Shared Lock)

X (Exclusive Lock)

true

false

false

false

Schedule 1
T1

T2

Lock-X(B);
Read(B,b);
b:=b-50;
Write(B,b)
Unlock(B)

Grant-X(B,T1)

Lock-X(A)
Read(A,a)
a:=a+50;
Write(A,a)
Unlock(A);

Concurrency-control
manager

Lock-S(A);
Read(A,a);
Unlock(A);
Lock-S(B)
Read(B,b);
Unlock(B);
Display(a+b);

Grant-S(A,T2)

Grant-S(B,T2)

Grant-X(A,T2)

Difference between file system and


DBMS
File Systems RDBMS(ex SQL Server)

Thank You

Вам также может понравиться