Power System

Analysis
Lesson 1
INTRODUCTION

LESSON SUMMARY
Introduction to the course and subject
Role of power system in society
Components of a power system
Operation and Control
Organizational structure

POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
The goal of the course is to provide an

overview of interconnected power system

operation
Modern methods of power system analysis
The course will equip the students with the
basic tools for analyzing the operation of a
power system in normal as well as emergency
conditions

WHAT IS POWER
SYSTEM?
A system that deals with the business of :
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
of electrical energy
Largest and most complex man made system

Power system provides vital service to the

society
Electrical power is somewhat like the air we
breathe : we think about it only when it is
missing
It should be operated with the goal of
achieving:
highest reliability standards
Lowest operation cost
Minimum environmental impacts

POWER SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS

Source of
Fuel

Energy
Conversio
n

Transmission
and
Distribution

Energy
Conversio
n
(Utilization
)

Consumption devices are a part of power

system and need to be modeled in power

system analysis. Although they are not owned
or controlled by power utility

POWER
GENERATION

POWER GENERATION
Takes place in power plants which may be

geographically dispersed
A plant may house more than one generating

units
Types of generating units

ENERGY SOURCES
Hydrocarbons(oil ,coal, natural gas, etc)
Water
Nuclear
Solar
Chemical
Wind
Tidal

INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY

IN PAKISTAN
Electricity total installed capacity:21,103

MW(2012)
Electricity Sources
fossil fuel 13,637 MW 65% of total
hydro 6,654 MW 31% of total
nuclear 812 MW 4% of total
There are four major power producers in

country: WAPDA (Water & Power Development

Authority), KESC (Karachi Electric Supply
Company), IPPs (Independent Power Producers)
and PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission)

Thermal Power
Plant

Energy Conversion
Conversion process in a thermal power plant:

Chemical energy
Burners
Thermal
Energy
Thermal Energy
Boilers
Mechanical
Energy
Mechanical Energy
Turbines
Kinetic
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Rotating Machines
Electrical Energy
Overall conversion efficiency of a thermal power

POWER
TRANSMISSION

TRANSMISSION
NETWORKS
Connect generating plants to consumption

points-Use Remote Energy Sources

High Voltage AC Transmission
High Voltage DC Transmission

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION

OFFERS:
Lower transmission losses/MW transfer
Lower line voltage drop/KM
Higher transmission capacity/KM
Reduced right-of-way requirement/MW

transfer
Lower capital and operating costs/MW transfer

POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT

Transformer
Step-up Transformers
Step-down Transformers
Voltage Regulators

Transmission lines and cables

Circuit breakers and isolators
Shunt and Series Reactors and Capacitors
Lightning Arrestors
FACTS Devices
Converter/Inverter

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated

electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit

from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to detect the fault condition and
interrupt current flow.
A disconnector or isolator switch is used to ensure that
an electric circuit is completely de-energized for
maintenance. High voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus
such as circuit breakers,transformers,transmission lines,
for maintenance.The disconnector is usually not
intended for normal control of circuit, but only for safety
isolation

FACTS Devices: Flexible AC transmission

system devices control power flow on

transmission system and maintain voltage at
various points in the system. Some of the
devices which are used are SVC (static VAR
compensator),TCSC(thyristor controlled series
capacitors),UPFC(unified power flow
controllers).These devices provide fast-acting
reactive power on high voltage transmission
networks. These regulate voltage, power
factor, harmonics and stabilize the system.

Circuit breaker

isolator

Protective
relays

POWER
DISTRIBUTION

Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV

levels
Supplies energy to customers
At MV/LV levels
Single phase and/or three phase

MAIN EQUIPMENT IN DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM
Distribution Transformers (DXFR)
Feeders (O/H or underground cables)
Switches, fuses etc
Protective Relays
Lightning Arrestors
CT/PT

CT: Current transformer

Representation of Distribution
System

Residential
Consumers

Transmission
Network

Large Industrial
Consumers

Sub
Station

Industrial
Consumers

33/11
DXFR
33
KV

Commerci
al and
Large
Consumer
s

11/.4
DXFR

11 KV

400
V

230 V

Power System
Operation and
Control

KEY OPERATIONAL GOALS

Power Balance: Generation must remain

balanced with demand

Total Generation (t)= Total demand(t)
+losses(t)
System Security: Equipment power flows must
not exceed equipment ratings, under normal
or a single outage condition:
|Pij(t)| Pijmax

POWER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS

Frequency Regulation: System frequency

must remain within its operational range

fmin f(t) fmax
49.0 Hz f(t) 50.5 Hz
Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must remain

within their operational limits

Vmin V(t) Vmax
0.95 pu v(t) 1.05 pu

PS Operation/Control
Types of Operation/Control
Centralized (based on system-wide data)

Slow events are often handled by central

controls
Decentralized (based on local data)
Fast events are tackled by decentralized
controls
PS control has a hierarchical structure
Uses both centralized and decentralized control
strategies

Centralized (slow) controls

Dispatchers / Operators

SCADA(Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition)
EMS (Energy Management System)
Decentralized (fast) controls are driven by
local measurements
Protection systems are mostly decentralized

SCADA stands for

supervisory control
and data
acquisition.It is an
industrial control system
where a computer
system monitoring and
controlling a process.

Anenergy management system (EMS)is

a system of computer-aided tools used by

operators of electricutilitygridsto monitor,
control, and optimize the performance of the
generationandtransmission system.
The monitor and control functions are known
asSCADA; the optimization packages are
often referred to as "advanced applications".

Typical control hierarchy in PS:

Device
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
Master Station (MS)
Utility Control Centre
Regional Control Centre
National Control Centre

CENTRALIZED CNTROLS
Examples of centralized controls:
Frequency control
Generation Dispatch(control of generating

units)
Unit Commitment( units ON/OFF status)

DECENTRALIZED
CONTROLS
Examples of decentralized controls:
Equipment protection against over voltage

and over current

Generator speed control
Generator terminal voltage control

POWER SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION

POWER UTILITY
STRUCTURE
Traditional

Restructured (Deregulated)

Traditional utilities:
Operate as Monopolies (have captive

customers)
Government Regulated
Have to get regulations approval for rate
increases
Vertically integrated(VI)

Regulated Power Utility

Vertically integrated (VI)business structure
Production
Inputs
Production

Transportati
on

Distribution

DEREGULATED PS
STRUCTURE
Has been legislated by governments, hoping

that it results in :
Increased Competition
New technology utilization in Generation,
Transmission and Distribution
Increased outside investment in PS
infrastructure

Power Industry
Deregulation
Has necessitated break-up of traditional utility

VI structures into independent business units:

Gencos (Generating companies)
Power Marketers
Transco (Transmission Company Owner)
Independent system operator (operating the
transmission network) (http://www.ieso.ca/)
Retail service providers
Discos(Distribution companies)