FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL BALANCES & REACTOR

CONFIGURATION

INTRODUCTION
Different treatment procedures are
utilized in remediation of debased soil
or groundwater. Treatment procedures
are by and large delegated physical,
substance,
organic,
and
warm
procedures. Treatment frameworks
frequently comprise of a progression of
unit operations/forms, which shape a
procedure
train.
Every
unit
operation/process contains one or more
reactors.

 A reactor can be considered as a vessel

in which the procedures happen.
Natural specialists are frequently
accountable for or, in any event, take
an interest in preparatory configuration
of
the
treatment
framework.
Fundamentally,
the
preparatory
configuration
includes
choice
of
treatment procedures and reactor sort
and
additionally
estimating
the
reactors.

 Numerous elements ought to be

considered
in
determination
of
treatment
procedures.
Normal
determination
criteria
are
implementability, adequacy, cost, and
administrative thought.
At the end of the day, an ideal
procedure would be the one that is
implementable,
successful
in
evacuation of contaminants, cost
productive, and in consistence with the

 Once the treatment procedures are

chosen for a remediation venture,
architects will then outline the
reactors. Preparatory reactor plan
normally incorporates selecting suitable
reactor sorts, measuring reactors, and
deciding the quantity of reactors
required and their ideal setup. To
estimate the reactors, designs initially
need to know whether the alluring
responses or exercises would happen in
the reactors and what the ideal
working conditions, for example,

 In the event that the wanted responses are

doable, the specialists then need to decide
the rates of these responses, which is a
subject of substance energy. The reactor
size is then decided, in light of mass
stacking to the reactor, response rate, and
kind of reactor.
This section presents the mass equalization
idea, which is the premise for procedure
outline. At that point it presents response
energy and also sorts, design, and measuring
of reactors.

MATERIAL BALANCE
Material balances are the basis of
process design.
A material balance taken over the
complete process will determine the
quantities of raw materials required
and the products produced.
It balances over individual process units
set the process steam flows and
compositions.

 Material balances are also useful tools for the

study of plant operation and trouble shooting.

They can be utilized to check execution
against configuration; to develop the
frequently constrained information accessible
from the plant instrumentation; to check
instrument alignments; and to find wellsprings
of material misfortune.

TYPES OF BALANCES
Aspects
Indication

Differential balance

Integral of time
Balance

Indicates what
Indicates what
happens at a certain
happens between
moment of time
two instants of time

Balanced quantity

Rate

Quantity

Unit of balanced
quantity

Quantity/time

Quantity

Process

Continuous

Batch with two

instants

Mathematical Model

Algebraic equations

Differential
equations

GENERAL EQUATION

A few special cases or reasonable assumptions

would simplify the general mass balance
equation. Three common ones are presented
below:

A. No Reactions Occurring:
In the event that the framework has no synthetic
responses happening, for example, a blending
process, there is no expansion or diminishing of
compound mass because of responses. The mass
equalization mathematical statement would get to
be:
Rate of mass accumulated = rate of mass in rate
of mass out

B. Batch Reactor
For a batch reactor, there is no input into or
output out of the reactor. The mass balance
equation can be simplified into:
Rate of mass accumulated=rate of mass
generated/destroyed

C. Steady-State Conditions
Flow and concentrations at any location within
the treatment process train are not changing
with time. the rate of mass accumulation in the
reactor would be zero
0=Rate of mass in Rate of mass out (rate of
mass generated or destroyed)

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Reactor
Configuration

Reaction Kinetics are reactions that are time

dependent
Examples of cases in Environmental field in which
reaction of pollutant is time dependent:
The removal of organic matter in water
The growth of biological mass
Chemical disinfection
Gas-water reaction
Industrial waste reaction
Reactor - alludes to the tank where a response of
substance or bio-compound in nature
happens.

Wastewater Treatment Methods that are used in

Environmental Engineering:
Physical
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Equalization
Chemical
- Precipitation
- Coagulation
- Softening
Biological
- Activated Sludge process
- Anaerobic Digestion Process

Two types of Reactors

1.Batch Reactors the materials are added to
the tank, completely blended and left for
an adequate time for the response to
happen. Toward the end of the given time,
the blend is expelled from the tank, the
material in the tank is all around blended,
the creation inside of the reactor is uniform
at any moment of time.
A batch reaction is therefore referred to as
an unsteady-state operation.

Two types of Reactors (Cont.)

2. Flow Reactors - in this reactor, the material
flows through and out of the reactor,
also referred as ideal and real reactors.
Plug Flow Tubular Reactor (PFTR)- or simply
plug flow, piston flow, or tubular flow
reactor. The flow pattern is uniform within
the tank is uniform. That is, the fluid
particles pass through the tank and are
discharged in the same sequence as they
entered the tank. The particles remain in
the tank for a period equal to the
theoretical detention time (DT)

Cont. of Flow Reactors

Completely Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
an ideal flow reactor, or sometimes just a
stirred tank or backmix reactor. That is, the
substance of the tank are so totally blended
that the arrangement is so blended all
through. In this way, the organization of the
gushing is the same as that of fluid in the
tank.
Real flow reactors have mixing conditions
(and flow patterns) which fall between PFTR
(no mixing) and CSTR (complete mixing)

Detention of Time (DT):

In PFRT, each fluid particle spends exactly
the same amount of time flowing through the
reactor
DT =V/q
V = volume of liquid in the ideal reactor (L3)
q = volumetric flowrate of feed (inflow) q o
or product (effluent) qf. (L3/t)

Definition of terms
Detention of Time =
Flow rate(Q) - measure of the volume of fluid
passing
a point in the system per unit time
Influent flow rate-volume of fluid flowing into
the system for treatment
Effluent flow rate volume of discharged liquid
waste

In practical engineering applications, it is more

normal to have a couple of littler reactors than
to have one substantial reactor for the
accompanying reasons :
Flexibility (to handle fluctuations of flow rate)
Maintenance considerations
A higher removal efficiency
Common reactor configurations include
arrangement of reactors in series, in parallel, or
a combination of both