Industrial waste

management

?What are Wastes

Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter,
and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the
many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living
. organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat

Basel Convention Definition of Wastes

substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the
law
Disposal means
any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling,
reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel
convention)

Basel Convention

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary

Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually
known simply as Basel Convention, is an international treaty that
was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between
nations, specially to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from
developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however,
address the movement of radioactive waste. The convention is also
intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to
ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as
possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in
environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other
.wastes they generate
The Convention was opened for signature on 22 nd March 1989,
.and entered into force on 5 May 1992

The definition

Produced by the United Nations Statistics Division

(U.N.S.D.):
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is
products produced for the market) for which the generator
has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of
production, transformation or consumption, and of which
he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during
the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw
materials into intermediate and final products, the
consumption of final products, and other human activities.
Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are
."excluded

Kinds of Wastes

Solid wastes:

wastes in solid forms, domestic,

commercial and industrial wastes

cans, plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, Examples:

papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes:

wastes in liquid form

domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste Examples:

and other water from ponds, manufacturing industries
sources

rubbish
This is British English (BrE). British people throw away rubbish.
garbage, trash
American English (AmE) Americans throw away garbage and
trash. garbage vs. trash Americans differentiate between type
here:
garbage is used for waste from the kitchen wet waste, you
could say; putrescible
trash is things like paper and packaging dry materials. Non
putrescible
Litter This is not household waste. Litter is small things such as
cans, bottles and paper that people leave lying on the streets and
.in other public places

According to EPA regulations,

SOLID WASTE is
Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid
Waste)
Sludge from a wastewater treatment
plant, water supply treatment plant, or
air pollution control facility
Other discarded material
Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained
gaseous material from industrial,
commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations, and from community
activities

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm#solidw

Classification of Wastes
according to their Properties

Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others)

Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines,cans, styrofoam containers and
others)

Classification of Wastes according to

their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment

Hazardous wastes

Substances unsafe to use commercially,

industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
have any of the following properties- ignitability,
.corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity

Non-hazardous

Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,

agriculturally, or economically and do not have
any of those properties mentioned above. These
.substances usually create disposal problems

Classification of wastes according

to their origin and type
Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade
.refuges etc. are managed by any municipality
Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or
end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical
.sciences
Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing &
processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas,
.sanitary & paper etc
Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances
.are mostly biodegradable
Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively
.found in coastal & estuarine areas
Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are
byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved
in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes,
.chemical sludge etc
E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may
be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap
components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or
.brominated flame retardants

Sources of Wastes

Household

Commerce an
Industr

IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY

Affects
Affects
Affects
Affects

our
our
our
our

health
socio-economic conditions
coastal and marine environment
climate

GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a

activities, causing global meanresult of human
subsurface oceansurface air temperature and
.temperature to rise
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea
precipitation and other locallevels and change
.climate conditions
Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop
.suppliesyields, and water
This could also affect human health, animals, and
.ecosystemsmany types of
Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and

SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURES

Exposures occurs through

Ingestion of contaminated water or food
Contact with disease vectors
Inhalation
Dermal

Principles and practices of waste

management

Remove and Reduce

Reduction
Reuse
Recycling/recovery
Residue Treatment
Disposal
Study design

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Principle of Waste
Management
It is estimated that more than 3 billion tons of
waste are generated in Europe every year, and
hazardous waste generally makes up about 1% of
all waste in Europe [1];
nevertheless, hazardous waste presents a serous
risk to the ecosystem and human health if not
managed and treated safely.

Principles and practices of waste

management

Remove and Reduce

is known as reduction at source. Source reduction occurs prior to reuse,
recycling,
treatment, or disposal. Source reduction may be achieved through
equipment or
technology modifications,
process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products,
substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping,
maintenance, training or inventory control.
TYPESOFSOURCEREDUCTION
Sourcereductioncanresultfromanyactivitythatreducestheamountofa
materialneededand
thereforeusedtomakeproducts.Somespecificexamplesofsourcereduc
tionpracticesare:

Redesigningproductstousefewermaterials(e.g.,lightweighting,material
substitution).
Reusingproductsandmaterials(e.g.,arefillablewaterbottle).
Extendingtheusefullifespanofproducts.
Avoidingusingmaterialsinthefirstplace(e.g.,reducingjunkmail).

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Reduction
Toxicity reduction
Table 2 lists some chemicals/substances that should be avoided,
because they have been regulated by various regulatory
authorities, and identifies possible alternatives. Examples of
reducing toxicity
include:
Use of non-chlorinated degreasing agents.
Water-based paints in preference to solvent-based paints.
Biodegradable plastics.
Asbestos-free gaskets and insulation.
Mercury-free components (this includes lighting).
Hydro-testing using low toxicity (or no) additives

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Reuse
The re-use of materials in their original form such as:
Chemical containers. Some containers can be reused only once to
provide container integrity while others can be reused multiple times
using an approved chemical vendor to refill chemical x into the same
used chemical x container with the correct choice of container
material and
stock return procedures.
Reuse of oily rags/pads that can be cleaned between uses. Need to
consider the additional
Refurbishment of equipment eg valves, meters.
Supply of equipment in reusable containers. For example, the use of
plastic boxes rather than cardboard can be considered. It is essential to
identify a re-use option and to implement it;

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Recycling/recovery
This is the conversion of wastes into usable materials and/or extraction of
energy or materials from waste. Examples include:
Recycling scrap metal.
Re-conditioning drilling muds and solvents.
Using oily wastes for road construction and stabilisation (though consideration
of chemical components and potential leaching to soil and groundwater should
be undertaken before such use, for example, asphaltics may be appropriate for
road use, but used oil may not).
Using cleaned drill cuttings and crushed clean concrete for road construction
material and hard standing.
Discarding shredded tyres for landfill liner protective layers or as an alternate
daily cover for landfills. For example, tires and high grip rubber mats/flooring
might be suitable for use. The area of operation and availability of recycling
facilities will dictate what can be done.

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Residue Treatment
Residue Treatment
The destruction, detoxification and/or neutralisation of residues
:through processes such as
Biological methods composting (if appropriate, materials can
.be recycled), land farming
.Thermal methods incineration, thermal desorption
.Chemical methods neutralisation, stabilisation
Physical methods filtration, centrifugation, compaction or
shredding.

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Disposal
Injection.
Deep injection wells are also called brine disposal
wells, and are officially known as class II underground
injection wells. They can take any fluid related to oil
and gas drilling, including frack waste water.
Discharge to water or land.
Landfill.

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Study design
Starting point

The
aim
?

Information Collection
DATA[ Form]
COLLECTION

Analysing

Evaluation

Solution setting
Applying

End

The Aim
?what is the problem
The aim.

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Starting point

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DATA COLLECTION METHODS

Questionnaires: forms which are completed and returned by
respondents. An inexpensive method that is useful where
literacy rates are high and respondents are co-operative.
Interviews: forms which are completed through an interview
with the respondent. More expensive than questionnaires, but
they are better for more complex questions, low literacy or less
co-operation.
Direct observations: making direct measurements is the
most accurate method for many variables, such as catch, but is
often expensive. Many methods, such as observer programmes,
Reporting: the main alternative to making direct
measurements is to require workers and others to report their
activities. Reporting requires literacy and co-operation, but can
be backed up by a legal requirement and direct measurements.

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Analysing
DATA COLLECTION Form -

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setting the solutions based on waste

management ways
Recovery, treatment, anaerobic digestion, composting,
incineration and landfill
Hazardous, non hazardous, inert and clinical waste
Waste strategy advice and submission toLocal and Regional
Development Documents
Planning applications and environmental impact assessments
Environmental Permits
Risk assessments
Waste characterisation
isation

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Thank you