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Time Study
The major objective of this chapter is to
learn how to calculate a time standard
based on stopwatch time study
procedures.
Time Study
Developing schedules
Determining wage payment plans
Estimating production costs
Providing a base for estimating productivity
goals
Appraising employee performance
Evaluating alternative process, equipment
Cyclic work
Non cyclic work
Work sampling
Synthetic data
Predetermined times
Methods improvement
Selection of the examined workers
Explanation (union, managers, workers)
Collecting and recording information
Task division into elements
Methodology
Who to choose?
Rating accuracy
Worker acceptance
Fundamental definitions
What is an ELEMENT?
What is a CYCLE?
Element Analysis
Timing Methods
Continuous
Snapback
Determining Number of
Cycles
Time measurement
Measuring time of
each element
The number of
observation of each
element depends on
the significance level
and required level of
accuracy
N=n
No
N>=n
Yes
End the time study
Recommended number of
cycles/observations
Maytag Company
Approach
Types of Elements
RATING FACTORS
Subjective judgment
Practice by watching movies
For a study with long elements, rate each
separately
Methods:
Speed rating
Westinghouse
Elements of Allowances
Personal
Need
Basic
Fatigue
Variable
Fatigue
Unavoidable
Delays
Constant
Allowances
Avoidable
Delays
Extra
Allowances
Special Allowances
Normal
Time
Standard
Time
130
220
310
311
322
329
10
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.23
20
0.38
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.37
30
12.06
10.44
8.71
6.58
10.83
6.34
7.25
40
3.66
4.81
0.00
2.79
5.84
4.55
4.10
50
0.00
1.63
1.91
1.69
1.80
1.45
0.00
60
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.13
Possible Drivers
Model NT 3/4/5
D1
D2
119
15.72
18.00
27.25
20.00
130
16.88
23.50
33.50
16.00
220
10.62
2.50
1.50
11.06
3.00
7.25
311
18.47
25.00
44.00
322
12.34
12.00
18.25
329
11.35
3.00
8.00
310
18.00
14.00
12.00
D1
10.00
D2
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Correlation
n X1 X 2 X1 X 2
r
2
2
2
n X2
X1
n X2 X2
15.72
18.00
247.1184
324.00
282.96
16.88
23.50
284.9344
552.25
396.68
10.62
2.50
112.7844
6.25
26.55
11.06
3.00
122.3236
9.00
33.18
18.47
25.00
341.1409
625.00
461.75
12.34
12.00
152.2756
144.00
148.08
11.35
3.00
128.8225
9.00
34.05
Sums
96.44
87.00
1389.3998
1669.50
1383.25
r =
0.977
TI 2111 Work System Design and Ergonomics
Linear Regression
Y
Y = b0 + b1X
X Y X XY
b0
2
n X 2 X
b1
n XY X Y
n X 2 X