CHEMICAL BONDING

& NAMING AND WRITING

FORMULA OF A COMPOUND

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING

Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Non polar
Polar

Metallic Bond

IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of
valence electron(s) between atoms and is a
type of chemical bond that generates two
oppositely charged ions. It is observed
because metals with few electrons in its
outer-most orbital. By losing those electrons,
these
metals
can
achieve
noble-gas
configuration and satisfy the octet rule.
Similarly, nonmetals that have close to 8
electrons in its valence shell tend to readily
accept electrons to achieve its noble gas
configuration.

IONIC BOND
In ionic bonding,electrons are transferred
from one atom to another resulting in the
formation of positive and negative ions.The
electrostatic attractions between the positive
and negative In ions hold the compound
together.The predicted overall energy of the
ionic bonding process, which includes the
ionization energy of the metal andelectron
affinity of the nonmetal, is usually positive,
indicating that the reaction is endothermic
and unfavorable.

IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron more than a
stable noble gas structure (2,8). If it gave
away that electron it would become more
stable.
Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a
stable noble gas structure (2,8,8). If it could
gain an electron from somewhere it too would
become more stable.
The answer is obvious. If a sodium atom gives
an electron to a chlorine atom, both become
more stable.

IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
The nature of the bond
The sodium ions and chloride ions are held
together
by
the
strong
electrostatic
attractions between the positive and negative
charges.
The formula of sodium chloride
You need one sodium atom to provide the
extra electron for one chlorine atom, so they
combine together 1:1. The formula is
therefore NaCl.

IONIC BOND
Magnesium oxide

Again, noble gas structures are formed,

and the magnesium oxide is held together by
very strong attractions between the ions. The
ionic bonding is stronger than in sodium
chloride because this time you have 2+ ions
attracting 2- ions. The greater the charge, the
greater the attraction.

The formula of magnesium oxide is MgO.

IONIC BOND
Calcium chloride
This time you need two chlorines to use
up the two outer electrons in the calcium.
The formula of calcium chloride is
therefore CaCl2.

IONIC BOND
Potassium oxide
Again, noble gas structures are formed. It
takes two potassium to supply the
electrons the oxygen needs. The formula
of potassium oxide is K2O.

COVALENT BOND

Depending upon the nature of

the atoms which combine with
each other by mutual sharing
of electrons, the following two
types of covalent bonds are
formed.

COVALENT BOND
1.Non-polar covalent bond:
This type of bond is formed between the two
atoms of the same element. Atoms of the same
element attract electrons equally. So, when a
covalent bond is formed between two atoms of
the same element; the electrons are shared
equally between the two atoms. In other words,
the shared electron-pair will lie exactly midway
between the two atoms. This type of covalent
bond is described as a non-polar covalent bond.
Non-polar covalent bonds are formed in the
molecules such as H2, O2 and Cl2etc.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND POLARITY

Electronegativity is the ability of the atoms
to attract toward itself the electrons in a
chemical bond.
It can help predict the
nature of the bond in a compound.
Generally, if the electronegativity difference
is:
0

less than 0.4 = nonpolar covalent bond

0.4 1.78 = polar covalent bond
greater than 1.78 = ionic bond

METALLIC BOND
Metallic bonding is used to described metals
in their uncharged elemental states (not like
in ionic bond when they become ions). Each
metal atom is considered to be composed of
its outer electrons and a kernel (is made of
the nucleus and lower energy level electrons).
The kernels are arranged in such a way that
the outer orbital intermingles with one
another, resulting in a sea of outer electrons
that move around (delocalized electrons).

METALLIC BOND
This sea of outer electrons can flow from
one atom to the next along the network of
kernels. The metallic ions are held together
by virtue of their mutual attraction for
the negative electron cloud. Since they
are free to move, metals are good thermal
and electrical conductivity. This explain
other physical properties of metals such as
density, malleability, boiling point, and
melting point.

METALLIC BOND

NAMING
COMPOUNDS AND
WRITING FORMULAS

NAMING BINARY COMPOUNDS

Binary molecular compounds consist of

covalently bonded atoms.
Each type of compound has its own naming
rules.
A binary ionic compound is held together
by ionic bonds.

How Do You Name Binary Ionic Compounds?

(Composed Of Two Elements A Metal And A
Nonmetal)
Name the first ion
From groups 1, 2, 3, 13, zinc, cadmium, or silver.
(You must use a Roman Numeral with the name for
the other metals well discuss this later.)
Name the second ion changing the suffix to ide.

NAMING BINARY IONIC

COMPOUNDS
MgBr

is magnesium
(name of first element) +
brom (root name of
second element) + ide
suffix = magnesium
bromide
2

Examples
NaCl
Sodium Chloride
CaO
Calcium Oxide
Al2S3
Aluminum Sulfide
MgI2
Magnesium Iodide

Name the metal ion

Name the nonmetal ion,
changing the suffix to ide.

What About The Transition Metals And Using Roman

Numerals? How Does That Work?
Lets See.

FeO
Iron(II)
Oxide

Notice metal and nonmetal.

Name the first ion. Since the first ion is a transition
element, you must use a Roman Numeral to
represent the charge.
How do you know the charge?
Deductive reasoning.
All compounds are neutral.
Oxygen has a -2 charge (group 16)
Therefore, iron must have a +2 charge since there
is one iron and one oxygen. Iron gets a Roman
Numeral (II).

Cu2S

Name the first ion. Since it is a transition metal, you

must use a Roman Numeral.
Which Roman Numeral? The Roman Numeral is the
same as the charge of the ion.
How do you find the charge?
Deductive reasoning!
All compounds are neutral
Sulfur has a -2 charge (group 16)
There are two coppers

Copper (I) Therefore each copper must have a +1 charge for the
compound to be neutral
Sulfide

MnO2

Name the first ion. Since it is a transition

metal, you must use a Roman Numeral.
How do you determine the Roman Numeral?

Manganese (IV)
oxide

It is the same as the charge.

What is the charge of Mn?
Oxygen (group 16) has a -2 charge and a total
of -4 charge.
There are two oxygens with one manganese.
Therefore Mn must have a +4 charge for this
compound to be neutral.

So Why Must We Use Roman Numerals With

Transition Elements?
The metals in groups 1, 2, 3, and 13 have single, definite
charges.
Group 1 metals have a +1 charge.
Group 2 metals have a +2 charge.
Groups 3 and 13 metals have a +3 charge.
Transition metals may have multiple charges usually two
different positive charges.
For example, there are two copper oxide compounds:
_____
____
Cu2O and CuO
Copper (II)
(I ) oxide
Copper is +1
+2

We cant just say Copper oxide. Which one

of these is Copper oxide? We must
distinguish these by using a Roman
Numeral

And Remember, There Are Three Transition Elements

Which Do Not Require A Roman Numeral Because They
Have Single Definite Charges. These Are:
Zinc Zn2+

Cadmium Cd2+

Silver Ag+

You need to remember the charges for these.

Ag2O

Name the first ion.

Silver oxide

Name the second ion changing the

suffix to ide.
No Roman
Numerals needed
Name the first ion.
for these.

ZnCl2
Zinc chloride

Name the second ion changing the

suffix to ide.

How Do You Write Formulas For Binary Ionic Compounds

Given The Name?
Two Simple Steps:
1. Write the symbol and charge of each ion
2. Balance the charges by providing subscripts
Magnesium
chloride
Mg2+

ClCl-

MgCl2

Write the symbol and charge of each ion

Balance the charges by supplying
subscripts. Subscripts tell how many of
each atom is present.
You need a second Cl-1 to balance the
charges

Iron (III) bromide

Fe3+

Br Br Br FeBr3

Write the symbol and charge of each ion.

The charge of the iron is provided by the
Roman Numeral.
Balance the charges by supplying
subscripts. The subscripts tell how many
of each ion is needed to balance the
compound.
Youll need three bromine ions to balance
the one iron.

Aluminum Sulfide
Al3+
Al3+

Al2S3

S2S2S2-

Write the symbol and charge of each ion.

Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.

In this case the charges do not evenly divide
into each other. You must find the least
common multiple. SIX
How many aluminums are needed to arrive at
a +6 charge?
2
How many sulfurs are needed to arrive at a -6
charge?
3

WRITING FORMULAS A LITTLE

QUICKER
Iron and oxygen combine to form a compound. Iron (Fe)
has an oxidation number of 3+. Oxygen (O) has an
oxidation number of 2.
Predict the chemical formula of this compound.

Writing Formulas a Little Quicker

3
+
2

2-

Fe O 3
Simply cross the oxidation numbers
and make them positive

Lets Try Another One:

Manganese (IV) phosphide

4
+
3

3-

Mn P 4

Lets Try One More:

Manganese (IV) oxide

4
+
2

2-

Mn O 4
MnO2

Cross but in
this case they
must be
dropped!

NAMING COMPOUNDS
AND WRITING
FORMULAS II

6 Types Of Chemical Compounds

Binary ionic
- metal ion nonmetal ion
Binary molecular - two nonmetals
Ternary ionic - at least one ion is a
polyatomic ion
Binary acid
- H nonmetal
Ternary acid
- H Polyatomic ion
Base
- metal ion OH

The Second Category of Compounds

Binary Molecular
What are Binary Molecular Compounds?
These compounds contain two elements (binary).
The term molecular indicates that these elements are
joined by a covalent bond.
They must therefore be nonmetals.
Bottom line 2 elements both nonmetals
To name and write formulas for these, you must know
some numerical prefixes.

Naming You Must Use Prefixes.

1 = mono 3 = tri

5 = penta

7 = hepta

9 = nona

2 = di

6 = hexa

8 = octa

10 = deca

4 = tetra

Steps
1. The first nonmetal only gets a numeric prefix when there
is more than one. No prefix if there is only one.
2. The second element always gets a numeric prefix and
always has a suffix of -ide

NAMING BINARY MOLECULAR

COMPOUNDS
As

with binary ionic compounds, the ending of the

name of the second element in the compound is
modified by adding the suffix ide.

CO2
Carbon dioxide

CO

Name the first element. Since there is

only one, no prefix is needed.
The second element always gets a prefix
and a suffix of ide.

Carbon monoxide

N2O4
Dinitrogen tetroxide

H2O
Dihydrogen monoxide

CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride

Name the first element. Since

there are two present, the prefix
di is needed. The second
element always gets a prefix and
a suffix of ide.

Given The Names Of Binary Molecular

Compounds, How Do You Write The
Formulas?
Very easily done!!! The prefixes tell you how to
write the formulas. DO NOT CONSIDER
CHARGES. NONMETALS ARE ALL NEGATIVE
SO TO USE CHARGES DOES NOT WORK!

Silicon dioxide
SiO2

Silicon and oxygen are both nonmetals.

The lack of a prefix on silicon means that
there is only ONE silicon.
The prefix di in front of oxide means that
there are TWO oxygens.

Diphosphorous pentachloride
Phosphorous and chloride are both nonmetals.

P2Cl5

The prefix di means that there are TWO

phosphorouses (Is that a word?)
The prefix penta before chlorine means that
there are five chlorines.

Nitrogen monoxide
NO

Nitrogen and oxygen are both

nonmetals.
The lack of a prefix on nitrogen
means only ONE nitrogen.
The prefix mono on oxygen
indicates ONE oxygen.

Third Category Of Compounds

Ternary Ionic Compounds.
These Compounds Contain At Least One
Polyatomic Ion.
What is a polyatomic ion?
Lets look at the name to try to understand.
It is an ion that means it has a charge.
It is polyatomic that means it is made of more than one
atom.

CO32- carbonate
This ion is composed of one carbon
and three oxygens and the entire group
has a charge of -2.
Polyatomic ion Group of atoms that act as a unit and
carry a charge.
You have been given a list of other polyatomic ions

You need to learn these!!!

How Do You Recognize Ternary Ionic Compounds?

Composed of two ions in which at least one is a
polyatomic ion.
There is only one positive polyatomic ion (NH4+1)
Three possible types of Ternary Ionic Compounds:
Polyatomic Ion
Ammonium

+ negative ion (nonmetal)

Metal (positive ion) + negative polyatomic ion

Ammonium

+ negative polyatomic ion

NAMING COMPOUNDS WITH

POLYATOMIC IONS AS CATIONS
NH4Cl is ammonium (the name
of the ion from chart) + chlor
(root name of the second
element) + ide suffix =
ammonium chloride.

Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions as

Anions
1. Name the first ion.
2. Name the second ion. Isnt that simple??!!
Examples:

Na2CO3
Sodium
carbonate

When you look at this compound you should

recognize that this is NOT binary. There are
THREE elements present. When you see this,
immediately look for a polyatomic ion.
Carbonate is present here.

Notice that you do NOT

change the suffix just
name the polyatomic
ion

Name the first ion.

Name the second ion.

Fe(OH)3
Iron (III)
hydroxide
Since there are
3 OH groups,
each with a -1
charge, the
charge of the
iron must be
+3 for the
compound to
be neutral

Name the first ion.

Remember that iron requires a Roman
Numeral since it is a transition element.
What Roman Numeral should be used?
The Roman Numeral comes from the
charge of the ion. How do you find the
charge of the iron?
You know two things:
All compounds are neutral.
You know the charge of OH (-1)
Name the polyatomic ion.

NH4Cl

Name the first ion.

Ammonium chloride

Name the second ion.

Notice that since the second ion is a nonmetal that, like

binary ionic compounds, the suffix of the nonmetal
changes to ide.

Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions as

Cations and Anions
(NH4)3PO4

Ammonium
phosphate

Name the first ion.

Name the second ion.

Cu2SO4
Copper (I) sulfate
Name the second ion.

Name the first ion.

You should realize that you
need a Roman Numeral since
copper is a transition metal.
The Roman Numeral is the same
as the charge.
What is the charge?
The charge of sulfate is -2.
Since there are two coppers, the
charge of the copper must be +1.

How Do You Write Formulas For Ternary Ionic

Compounds?
Very Much Like Writing Formulas For Binary Ionic
Compounds.
Three Steps:
1. Write the formulas/symbols of each ion.
2. Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.
3. If a subscript is needed for a polyatomic ion, it must be
put in parentheses with the subscript on the outside.

Aluminum nitrate
Al3+

NO3Al(NO3)3

First, you can tell from the name

that there is a polyatomic ion
present (nitrate). All binary ionic
compounds have suffixes of ide.

Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion.

Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.
Since Al is +3 and NO3 is -1, you need a total of 3NO3to balance one Al3+
Since you will need a subscript of 3 for NO3-, you need
to put this in parentheses with the 3 outside.

Lead (IV) acetate

Pb4+

C2H3O2-

Write the formula/symbol and charge of

each ion.

Pb(C2H3O2)4

Balance the charges by supplying

subscripts. Since Pb is +4 and C2H3O2 is
-1, you will need 4 C2H3O2-1 to balance
1Pb+4

Calcium phosphate

Write the formula/symbol and charge of

each ion.

Ca2+
Ca3(PO4)2

PO43-

Balance the charges by supplying

subscripts. Since Ca is +2 and PO4 is -3,
you will need 3 Ca+2 to balance 2 PO4-3

Lets Try Another One:

Manganese (IV) phosphate

4
+
3

3-

Mn (PO4)

Lets Try One More:

Manganese (IV) carbonate

4+

2-

Mn2 (CO3)

Mn(CO3)2