Refraction of Light What happens to light waves that strike an object? Light waves that strike objects can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. What is the difference between refraction and reflection? Refraction occurs if a light wave changes speed in moving from one material to another. Reflection occurs when light waves are returned or thrown back from a surface. __________ material only absorbs and reflects light; no light passes through. A. Transparent B. Translucent C. Opaque D. Mirage Mirrors A mirror is any surface that produces a regular reflection Can have 3 types 1. plane mirror – flat surface 2. concave mirrors – surface curves inward 3. convex mirrors – surface curves outward Plane Mirrors • Light rays from a light source strike you. • Every point that is struck by the light rays reflects these rays so they travel outward in all directions. • Light rays are reflected from the mirror back to your eyes. Virtual and Real Images • A virtual image is produced when rays of light reach our eyes that appear to come from a real object, but there is in fact no object at the apparent source of the light. • Image appears to be there • Plane mirrors always form virtual images. • Cannot be projected Virtual and Real Images • If real light rays from an object pass through the location of the image, the image is called the real image. • A real image is produced on a screen (or some other detector) when all of the rays from a single point on an object strike a single point on the screen • Real images are ALWAYS inverted Virtual and Real Images • If the surface of a mirror is curved inward, it is called a concave mirror.
• The image formed by a concave mirror depends
on the location of the object relative to the focal point. Concave Mirrors For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object. Concave Mirrors For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object. Concave Mirrors For a real object at C, the real image is formed at C. The image is inverted and the same size as the object. Concave Mirrors For a real object close to the mirror but outside of the center of curvature, the real image is formed between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller than the object. Concave Mirrors What size image is formed if the real object is placed at the focal point f? For a real object at f, no image is formed. The reflected rays are parallel and never converge. Virtual and Real Images • An object between one and two focal lengths from a concave mirror is real, inverted, and larger than the object. • An object closer than one focal length from a concave mirror produces a virtual image that is upright and larger than the object. Convex Mirrors • A mirror that curves outward like the back of a spoon, • Reflected rays diverge and never meet, so a convex mirror forms only a virtual image. • The image also is upright and smaller than the actual object is. CAUTION! Objects are closer than they appear! Lenses • A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved surface that causes light rays to refract. • 2 types of lenses 1. Convex lens- thicker in the middle than at the edges. 2. Concave lens- thinner in the middle than at edgess Convex Lenses • Light rays are refracted toward the center of the lens. • All light rays are refracted so they pass through a single point, which is the focal point of the lens. • Lenses with flatter sides have longer focal lengths. Concave Lenses • A concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. • Light rays that pass through a concave lens bend away from the optical axis. The Human Eye • Light enters your eye through a transparent covering on your eyeball called the cornea. • The cornea causes light rays to bend so that they converge. • Light then passes through the pupil. The Human Eye • Behind the pupil is a flexible convex lens. • The retina is the inner lining of your eye, containing light sensitive cells that convert an image into electrical signals. Brightness and Intensity • The human eye can adjust to the brightness of the light that strikes it. • Light intensity is the amount of light energy that strikes a certain area each second. • Brightness is the human perception of light intensity. • Eyes respond to bright light by decreasing the size of your pupil. orrecting Vision Problems • If you can see distant objects clearly but can’t bring nearby objects into focus, then you are farsighted. orrecting Vision Problems • The eyeball might be too short or the lens isn’t curved enough to form a sharp image of nearby objects on the retina. • Image is focused behind the retina. Nearsightedness • Eyes cannot form a sharp image on the retina of an object that is far away. • The eye is too long andtThe image is formed in front of the retina. 11-3 Review 1. A __________ mirror curves inward. A. concave B. convex C. obtuse D. Plane 1. What type of lens refracts light rays away from the optical axis?
3. In nearsightedness, the image forms _______ the retina and a
_______ lens can be used to correct it. A. behind, concave B. behind, convex C. in front of, concave D. in front of, convex Answers 1. The answer is A. A concave mirror curves inward and forms a real image. A convex mirror curves outward and forms a virtual image.
2. Concave lenses are thicker at the edges and
refract light rays away from the optical axis.
3. The answer is C. The image forms in front of
the retina and a concave lens corrects it. Color of Objects • White light is a blend of all colors of visible light. • Black is the absence of visible light. Colored Filters • A filter is a transparent material that transmits one or more colors of light but absorbs all others. • The color of a filter is the color of the light that it transmits. Seeing Color • The retina is made up of two types of cells that absorb light. 1. Cones - A cone enables you to distinguish colors and detailed shapes of objects. 2. Rods - A rod is sensitive to dim light and enables you to see at night. Cones • Your eyes have three types of cones. 1. Red cones - respond to mostly red and yellow light. 2. Green cones respond to mostly yellow and green. 3. Blue cones respond to mostly blue and violet light. • six million in the human eye • Not very responsive to light Rods • Rods require less light to function than cones, they are therefore the primary source of visual information at night. • Rod cells do not enable you to see colors. • Make peripheral vision very sensitive to movement, (i.e seeing something vague occur out of the corner of his or her eye) • On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells in the human retina Color Blindness • color blindness – condition caused by improper function of cone cells.
• Only certain colors may
not be distinguished.
• The most common form
of color blindness makes it difficult to distinguish between red and green. Mixing Colors • A pigment is a colored material that is used to change the color of other substances. • Red, green, and blue are the primary colors of light. • Mixing the primary colors in different proportions can produce the colors you see and the primary pigments (yellow, cyan, magenta). Mixing Pigments • You can make any pigment color by mixing different amounts of the three primary pigments— magenta, cyan, and yellow.
• Pigments both absorb
and reflect a range of colors. • The area where the colors overlap appears to be black b/c absorb all the primary colors of light Section Section Check Check 4 Question 1 An object’s color depends on the __________ it reflects.
Answer An object’s color depends on the wavelengths of light it reflects. If an object absorbs all wavelengths of visible light except green, the object appears green. Section Section Check Check 4 Question 2 What are the two types of light-detecting cells in the eye?
Answer The two types of light-detecting cells that make up the retina are the rods and cones.
FL: SC.F.1.4.2 Section Section Check Check 4 Question 3 What is the appearance of the three primary colors of pigment when they are mixed?
A. black B. brown C. gray D. white Section Section Check Check 4 Answer The answer is A. The three primary colors of pigment are magenta, cyan and yellow, and appear black when they are mixed.
