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Prof. Shiyan Hu
shiyan@mtu.edu
Office: EREC 731
07/27/16
Outline
Introduction
H-tree
Zero skew clock
DME and its extension
New trends
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Introduction
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Clock Skew
Clock skew is the maximum difference in the arrival
time of a clock signal at two different components.
Clock skew forces designers to use a large time period
between clock pulses. This makes the system slower.
So, in addition to other objectives, clock skew should
be minimized during clock routing.
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Power
very important, as clock is a major power consumer
It switches at every clock cycle
Noise
Clock is often a very strong aggressor
May need shielding
Delay
Not really important
But slew rate is important (sharp transition)
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Buffer insertion
Clock buffers to reduce clock skew, delay, and distortion in
waveform.
Wire sizing
To further tune the clock tree/mesh
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Clock trees
A path from the clock source to clock sinks
Clock Source
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Clock trees
A path from the clock source to clock sinks
Clock Source
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H-tree Algorithm
Minimize skew by making interconnections to subunits
equal in length
Regular pattern
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Bottom Up Phase
Each node v has a merging segment ms(v).
A merging segment is a Manhattan arc
Manhattan arc: has slope +/- 1 or has zero length
(could be a point).
tiled rectangular region (TRR): The collection of
points within a fixed distance from a Manhattan arc.
The intersection of two TRRs is a TRR
Merging segments are always Manhattan arcs
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DME Wrapup
[Boese and Kahng, ASIC92]
DME is guaranteed to find the minimum wire length
with zero skew under the linear delay model
Need to have an abstract routing graph to start with
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Topology Generation
One common approach
Balanced and geometry guided
Top down-partitioning that recursively divide the set of sinks,
using alternating horizontal and vertical cuts
The balance bipartition heuristic generates a topology that
recursively divides the set of sinks into two subsets with equal
total loading capacitance
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Trend
Clock skew scheduling together with clock tree
synthesis
Schedule the timing slack of a circuit to the individual
registers for optimal performance and as a second
criteria to increase the robustness of the
implementation w.r.t. process variation.
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