Ch.

5:Instruments/AvionicSystems

LessonOverview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Pitot-StaticSystem
GyroscopicInstruments
CompassSystems
AngleofAttackIndication
StallWarningSystems
AutoFlight
Communications
NavigationSystems

Compasses

AircraftCompassSystem

DirectReading

RemoteIndicatingCompass

Compasses

DirectReadingMagneticCompasses
Theprimaryfunctionofdirect-readingcompassistoindicatethe
directionintowhichanaircraftisheadingwithrespecttotheearth's
magneticmeridian

Itcandeterminethedirectionofthelongitudinalaxisofaircraftwith
referencetomagneticnorth

Themagneticcompassservesonlyasastandbydevice.Itisusedfor
navigationunderemergencyconditionswhenothernavigationsystems
fail

Theoperatingprincipleofmagneticcompassesisbasedonthe
fundamentalofmagnetism,i.e.onthereactionbetweenthemagnetic
fieldofasuitablesuspendedmagneticelementandthemagneticfield
surroundingtheearth

Compass
Geographic
NorthPole

Equator

TheEarthMagneticField
does notcoincidewith
theaxisoftheEarth

Geographic
SouthPole

TheGeographicNorthandSouth
Poleslieonthe
rotatingaxisoftheEarth

Compass
Magnetic
NorthPole

S
Magnetic
SouthPole

Afreelysuspendedmagnet
willalignwith
theEarthMagneticField

Compass
Magnetic
North

MagneticHeading

Magnetic
South

Compass
Magnetic
NORTH

WEST

EAST
MagneticHeading
thedirectionofthe
longitudinalaxis,clockwise
fromMagneticNorth

SOUTH

Compass

W 3
0
24

33

E
12

15

21

Compass

W 3
0

N
3
3

24

E 12
15

S 21
COMPASSCARD
(COMPASSROSE)

Compass
PermanentMagnetisattachedtothe
COMPASSCARD
sothattheassemblyisalwaysalignedwiththe
EARTHMAGNETICFIELD

W 3
0

N
3
N
3

24

E 12
15

S
S 21

Compass
LUBBERLINE

12

15

24

33

S 21

W 30
COMPASSCARD

MAGNETIC
COMPENSATION
SCREWS

Compass
LUBBERLINE

3
3

COMPASSCARD

MAGNETIC
COMPENSATIONSCREWS

33

Compass
FLOAT
COMPASSCARD
(WITHPERMANENTMAGNET)

3
LENS

PEDESTAL
MAGNETIC
COMPENSATIONASSEMBLY

Compass

Thecompasscardcanrotate360onthepivotpoint
andisfreetotiltuptoanangleof20

Compass
FLUID

DIAPHRAGM

FILLERHOLE

Thefluidservesseveralpurposesduetoitsbuoyancy;
reducestheweightofthecardoffthejewel-bearingpivotthatsupports
thecardinordertoeliminatepartofthefriction.
decreasesoscillation
lubricatesthepivotpointonthepedestal

Compass
INTEGRALLIGHTING

Compass

TYPICAL LOCATION OF
STANDBY COMPASS

RemoteIndicatingCompassSystem
RadioDirectionDistanceMagneticIndicator

HeadingIndex

CompassFlag

18 21
15

9 12

VO

27 30
24

0
3
3

ReciprocalHeading
Index

DME-2

HD
G

DME-1

F
AD

CompassCard

RemoteIndicatingCompassSystem
RadioDirectionDistanceMagneticIndicator

HeadingIndex

CompassFlag
DME-1

9 12

27 30

VO

24

ReciprocalHeading
Index

33

18 21

15

DME-2

F
AD

CompassCard

RemoteIndicatingCompassSystem
LEVELLING
SYSTEM

DEVIATION
COMPENSATOR

SLAVING
SYSTEM

AMPLIFIER

PRECESSION
DEVICE

GYRO
(DG)

INDICATING
ELEMENT

FLUXVALVE
DETECTOR

TheFluxValvedetectsthedirectionoftheEarthmagneticfieldandtransmitselectricalsignal

TheDirectionalGyro(DG)providesthestabilizedgyroreferenceforthecompasssystem
ThehorizontalaxisisslavedtotheEarthsmagneticfield
Anydrift(RandomorReal)ofthegyroisautomaticallycorrectedbycontrolledprecession
TheIndicatingElement(eg:RDDMI)receivestheHeadinginformationandprovidesdisplay

RemoteIndicatingCompassSystem
LEVELLING
SYSTEM

DEVIATION
COMPENSATOR

SLAVING
SYSTEM

AMPLIFIER

PRECESSION
DEVICE

GYRO
(DG)

INDICATING
ELEMENT

FLUXVALVE
DETECTOR

TheDirectionalGyro(DG)providesshorttermheadingreferenceforthecompasssystem
TheFluxValveprovideslongtermheadingreferenceforthecompasssystem
TheDGmaybeusedasafreegyroinlocationswheremagneticcompassindicationisunreliable
(i.e.ingeneralatlatitudesexceedingapproximately65)