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Cells

Cell Theory
1)

Cells are the basic unit of life

2)

All living things are made of 1 or more cells

3)

Cells are produced from existing cells no


spontaneous generation

)All

cells have a hereditary component (DNA or


RNA)

First - all living things must:


Eat,

drink for energy

Metabolize

Increase

size and cell maturity

Growth

Exchange

Respire

Process

oxygen with environment

and get rid of waste

Excrete
Coprolite
(Fossilized poop)

Maintain internal environment

Keep the species going

Homeostasis
Reproduce

Be able to change with their external


environment

Adaptability (Heredity)

All cells have


Cell

membrane

Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes

Size

Most cells are very small


If Surface area = bigger,
Volume
then interior/exterior exchange of materials increases
Food
Waste
Heat
Genetic info

Activity
Using the following dimensions, draw the
following shapes and calculate the SA:V
ratio. Which is best for materials
exchange? Which is worse?
1) Rectangle:

L=10cm, W=2cm, H=5cm


2) Sphere: r=10cm
3) Cube: s=3 in

Pros and cons of


Unicellularity
Independent
Quickly reproducing
No specialization

Multicellularity
Cells must rely on
other cells for
survival
Specialization makes
more complex
organisms

Types of cells
1. Prokaryotes = bacteria

Oldest (~3.5 bil. yrs)


b. Simple no membrane bound organelles
c. Small (x 10 m)
d. Found in large variety of living conditions
a.

a.

Recall extremophiles

http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/ecoli.htm

http://www.wadsworth.org/databank/ecoli.htm

basic shapes of prokaryotes

Bacillus,

coccus, spirillum

Reproduction
Binary

fission

Prokaryote

parts

Ribosome

= 70Svedburg units
Cell wall determines Rx
Gram-positive
Gram-negative

Life began as prokaryotes


Heterotrophic

anaerobes

Early

food sources: sulfur, CO2, other


bacteria
Anaerobes usually produce O 2 as waste
product
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-563975/Amazing-pictures-The
-lightning-storm-engulfed-erupting-volcano.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-563975/Amazing-pictures-The-lightning-storm-engulfed-erupting-volcano.html

After millions of years, anaerobic bacteria


excretions add up
Competition, struggle for limited resources,
potential for adaptation increases as resources
decreases

Clostridium botulinum

Some

mutant bacteria able to utilize


burgeoning O2-rich niche

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Endosymbiosis
Heterotrophic

bacteria phagocytosizes an
aerobic bacteria

Host

bacterium hijacks aerobic cell fxns

Remember,

this takes millions of years of trialand-error by natural selection

Endosymbiont theory
Both

cells benefit = mutualism

Little

cell?

Becomes

Big

cell?

Becomes

mitochondria and chloroplasts


eukaryotic cell

produces autotrophic eukaryotic cell fit


to survive/reproduce in changing envnt

Types of cells (continued)


2. Eukaryotes = plants, animals, fungi, protists

~1.5 billion yrs old


b. Contain nucleus
c. ~10x larger than prokaryotes
d. Membrane-bound organelles
e. Arose from endosymbiotic prokaryotes?
a.

http://www.dnalc.org/view/16649-Gallery-30-An-ele
ctron-micrograph-of-a-mouse-liver-cell.html

Eukaryote

parts

Ribosomes

= 80S

(larger)
centrosomes
Differences

between plants,
fungus, animals

http://www.dnalc.org/view/16649-Gallery-30-An-electron-micrograph-of-a-mouse-liver-cell.html

Today,
Recall basic cell parts
Complete Intro cells QB

Water!
Water

keeps your cells working properly

H2O

is slightly polar
Holds heat
Water tension provides strength
Good solvent
Affects

the way molecules interact in cells

Acids and Bases


Acids

= < pH 7

Lemon

juice, bile, vinegar, soda pop,


tomatoes

Neutral

= pH 7

Water

Base
Salt

= > pH 7

water, blood, ammonia,


bleach

Building Blocks of Cells


1. Carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
Quick

energy
Water soluble
Glucose, sucrose, cellulose
Glycogen: multi-chain of glucose stored in
cells

2. Lipids
Fats
Hydrophobic
Builds

membranes
Saturated fats: saturated with H
From

animals, solid

Unsaturated
From

fats: double bonds (less H)

non-animal sources, liquid

3. Proteins
Controls

chemical reaction rates in your


body = enzymes
Help to fight disease, build muscle and bone
Made of amino acid polymers

4. Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic

acid (?)
Ribonucleic acid (?)
Determines all of organisms characteristics
Conducts repairs

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