Advanced Communication System

Unit : 1
RADAR and Navigational aids
By
Parthasarathy .D,
HOD In-charge ECE

Unit 1 : RADAR and Navigational aids

Basic Radar System Applications, Radar range equation (qualitative treatment only) - factors influencing
maximum range Basic Pulsed Radar System Block Diagram Display Methods- A Scope, PPI Display Automatic target detection.
Radio aids to navigation Direction finding using Radio compass Instrument landing system Ground
controlled approach system.
Telephony and fax: Telephone system Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Electronic Switching
System - Block diagram ISDN Architecture, Features
Video phone Block diagram
Facsimile communication system facsimile sender-cylindrical scanning Facsimile receiver- synchronization
phasing - Index of cooperation (IOC) - Direct recording

Radar - An Introduction
RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging
Radar is basically a means of gathering information
about distant objects, or targets, by sending
electromagnetic waves at them and analysing the echoes.
It was evolved during the years just before World War II,
independently and more or less simultaneously in Great
Britain, the United States, Germany and France.
At first, it was used as an all weather method of
detecting approaching aircraft, and later for many other
purposes.
The word itself is an acronym, coined in 1942 by the
U.S. Navy, from the words radio detection and ranging.

Basic Radar System

RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging
A radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver, each
connected to a directional antenna.
The transmitter is capable of sending out a large UHF or
microwave power through the antenna.
The receiver collects as much energy as possible from the
echoes reflected in its direction by the target and then
processes and displays this information in a suitable way.
The receiving antenna is very often the same as the
transmitting antenna.
This is accomplished through a kind of time-division
multiplexing arrangement, since the radio energy is very
often sent out in the form of pulses.

Basic Radar System

Transmitter
Duplexer
Receiver

Antenna

Basic Radar System

RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging
A radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver, a duplexer and a highly directional
antenna.
The transmitter is used for transmission of pulse signal from the RADAR.
The receiver is used for reception of echo from the target.
The Duplexer is used as a switch that switches transmitter and receiver to the
antenna.
Duplexer consist of two switches, namely
TR Switch Which operates during transmission
ATR Switch- Which operates during reception

Display is also included in the radar system to visualise the target parameters like
distance, altitude, size, direction and velocity etc.

Types of Radar
According to principle of operation, the radar system is classified
in to two types.
Pulse Radar System

Doppler

Moving Target

Continuous Wave Radar System

Modulated

Unmodulated

According to the Application radar system is classified in to

following types.
Ground Mapping
SAR
Surface Search
Air Search
Tracking
Range
Weather
Space Craft Detection

Radar - Applications
Defence weapon system
Search radars are used to locate enemy missiles, planes and ships.
Tracking radars are used on missiles and planes to acquire target.
Used in Planes and ships for navigation.
Used to obtain weather conditions
High frequency radars can actually be used to plot or map the terrain in an
area.

Radar Range Equation

To determine the maximum range of a radar set, it is necessary to
determine the power of the received echoes, and to compare it with the
minimum power that the receiver can handle and display
If the transmitted pulsed power is P, (peak value) and the antenna is
isotropic, then the power density at a distance r from the antenna will be
as given by the relation