SCIENCE

FORM 2

WATER & SOLUTION

SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

What are solute (zat
terlarut), solvent
(pelarut),solution (larutan)
and suspension
(ampaian)?

SOLUTE
(sugar
)

SOLVENT
(water
)

SOLUTION
(sugar
solution)

A substances that
dissolves in other
substances.

Usually a liquid that

dissolves other
substances.

A mixture that is
formed when a solute
dissolves in a solvent.

water

Hence,
A solution contains
dissolved solution

sand

A suspension is a
mixture consisting of
Does not dissolve
two or more
substances that are
suspension
not uniformly mixed
together.

SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

What are dilute (cair),
concentrated (pekat) and
saturated (tepu) solution?

Dilute solution (larutan cair)

A solution that contains a small amount of solute
in it.
Concentrated solution (larutan pekat)
A solution that contains large amounts of
dissolved solute in it.

Saturated solution (larutan tepu)

A solution that contains the maximum amount of
solute that can dissolve in it.

What are the differences

between a solution and a
suspension?

What factors affect the

solubility of a solute?

1. The solubility (keterlarutan) of a solute is

the maximum amount of the solute that
can dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at a
certain temperature.
2. Solubility depends on the
Type of solvent ( jenis pelarut)
Type of solute (jenis zat terlarut)
Temperature of the solvent (suhu
pelarut)

What factors affect the rate

of dissolving a solute?

Why is water known as the

universal solvent?

Water
dissolves
gases and
nutrients
in our
blood.

Supply
dissolved
oxygen to
marine
animals

Useful
solution
e.g: eye
drops,
antiseptic
lotion
Daily
activities
WATER AS
A
UNIVERS
AL
SOLVENT

Water
dissolve
chemicals
in medicine
e.g:
medicinal
drugs,
poisons

Water
dissolves
minerals
in soil for
plants to
absorb.

Why are the uses of organic

solvents?

Alcohol
dissolves
resins to
produce
varnish.

Alcohol
dissolves
iodine
which is
used as
antiseptics
and
disinfectant
s.

Butyl ester
dissolves
chemicals
to make
perfumes.

Turpentine
dissolves
pigments to
dilute
paints.

Uses of
organic
solvents

Ether
dissolves
fats during
the
extraction
of fats.

Benzene
dissolves
chemicals
in the
laboratory.

Acetone
dissolves
resins to
make
lacquer and
nail polish.

Substances that do not dissolve in water may

be soluble in ORGANIC SOLVENTS

ORGANIC
SOLVENTS

USES

CHLOROFORM

Stick plastics letter & numbers on the number

plats of vehicle

BENZENE

To stick piece of rubber on a punctured tyre

ALCOHOL

Prepare shellac
Dissolve iodine to make antiseptic

AMYL ACETATE

Remove lipstick stain

TURPENTINE

Remove paint from the floor

LIME JUICE

Remove rust

ACIDS AND ALKALIS

ACIDS
Taste: Sour.
Touch: Like water.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn blue litmus red.
pH value: From 0 to less than 7.
Reaction with metals: Form hydrogen and a salt.
Reaction with carbonates: Form a salt, water and carbon
dioxide.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: No reaction.
NEUTRAL

ALKALIS
Taste: Bitter.
Touch: Soapy.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn red litmus blue.
pH value: From above 7 to 14.
Reaction with metals: No reaction.
Reaction with carbonates: No reaction.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: Give off ammonia gas

NEUTRALISATION

A chemical reaction in which an

acid and alkali react to produce
salt and water
ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER
e.g: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Shampoos
Hair conditioner

toothpaste

APPLICATIONS OF
NEUTRALISATION

slaked lime

bicarbonate
powder

SEDIMENTATIO
N

FILTRATIO
N

CHLORINATIO
N

METHODS OF
WATER
PURIFICATION
OZON
E

DISTILLATI
ON

BOILIN

UV

UV LIGHT

As the water passes through this vessel, microorganisms

are exposed to intense ultraviolet light energy which
causes damage to genetic molecules (i.e. nucleic acids:
DNA or RNA) needed for reproductive functions.
This damage prevents the microorganism from
multiplying or replicating in a human or animal host.
Because the microorganism cannot multiply, no infection
can occur. Disinfection of water is achieved when UV light
causesmicrobial inactivation.

WATER PURIFICATION
1. Water from the rivers are channel into the reservoir.
2. In the Aeration Tank bad smells will be aired and removed from
the water.
3. Alum and Lime are added into the water in the coagulation
tank. Alum will make particles join together to form larger
particles while lime will decrease the acidity of water.
4. In the mixing tank, alum and lime will be evenly distributed in
the water the water.
5. The water travels into the sedimentation tank so that large
particles will sediment to the bottom.
6. Lighter particles which floats on the water will flow into the
filtration tank, suspended particles will be filtered.
7. Clean water will then be stored at the storage tank. In the
storage tank, chlorine and fluorine will be added in the water.

WATER POLLUTION