Metode Penelitian

Yuniarto Hadiwibowo

Research Onion

Research strategies
Experiment;
Survey;
Archival and Documentary Research;
Case Study;
Ethnography;
Action Research;
Grounded Theory;
Narrative Inquiry.

Experiment

internal validity
the extent to which the findings can be attributed to the
interventions
external validity
flaws in research design
5

Survey
Collect quantitative data which can be analyzed
quantitatively using descriptive and inferential
statistics. Data collected using a survey strategy can
be used to suggest possible reasons for particular
relationships between variables and to produce
models of these relationships:
Questionnaire
Structured observation
Structured interviews (standardized questions are
asked of all interviewees)

Archival and Documentary Research

communications between individuals or within groups

such as email, letters, social media and blog postings;

individual records such as diaries, electronic calendars
and notes;
organisational sources such as administrative records,
agendas and minutes of meetings, agreements,
contracts, memos, personnel records, plans, policy
statements, press releases, reports and strategy
documents;
government sources such as publications, reports and
national statistics;
media sources including printed and online articles and
other data.
7

Case Study
Case Study: in-depth inquiry into a topic or

phenomenon within its real-life setting

The case in case study research may refer to:
a person (e.g. a manager)
a group (e.g. a work team)
an organisation (e.g. a business)
an association (e.g. a joint venture)
a change process (e.g. restructuring a company)
an event (e.g. an annual general meeting)
etc.

Ethnography
Ethnography is used to study the culture or social

world of a group.
Ethnography literally means a written account of a
people or ethnic group.

Action Research
An emergent and iterative process of inquiry that is designed to develop
solutions to real organizational problems through a participative and
collaborative approach, which uses different forms of knowledge, and which will
have implications for participants and the organization beyond the research
project.
Purpose: to promote organisational learning to produce practical outcomes
through identifying issues, planning action, taking action and evaluating
action
Process: diagnosing or constructing issues, planning action, taking action
and evaluating action
Participation: an action researcher works with members in an organisation,
as a facilitator and teacher, to improve the situation for these participants
and their organisation
Knowledge: abstract theoretical knowledge (propositional knowledge);
participants everyday lived experiences (their experiential knowledge);
knowing-in-action (knowledge that comes from practical application)
Implications: beyond the research project

10

Grounded Theory
Early commencement of data collection;
Concurrent collection and analysis of data;
Developing codes and categories from the data as these are

collected and analysed;

Use of constant comparison and writing of self-memos to develop
conceptualization and build a theory;
Use of theoretical sampling and theoretical saturation aimed at
building theory rather than achieving (population)
representativeness;
Use of an abductive approach that seeks to gain insights to create
new conceptual possibilities which are then examined;
Initial use of literature as a complementary source to the categories
and concepts emerging in the data, rather than as the source to
categorise these data. Later use to review the place of the grounded
theory in relation to existing, published theories;
Development of a theory that is grounded in the data.
11

Narrative Inquiry
Providing the opportunity to connect events, actions

and their consequences over time into a meaningful

whole
Used for an interpretive and qualitative strategy
Narrative Inquiry will allow you to analyse the
linkages, relationships and socially constructed
explanations that occur naturally within narrative
accounts in order to understand the complex
processes which people use in making sense of their
organizational realities

12

Time horizon
cross-sectional (the snapshot time horizon)
longitudinal (the diary perspective)

13

Quality of research
Reliability
replication and consistency
Validity
the appropriateness of the measures used
accuracy of the analysis of the results
generalisability of the findings

14