MATERIAL SCIENCE

HARPREET KAUR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
CHITKARA UNIVERSITY, PUNJAB
harpreet.rehal@chitkara.edu.in

Overview of Syllabus
Crystal Structure: Geometry of crystalslattice points, unit cell,
primitive cell, type of crystals, miller indices, point defects in solidsvacancies, interstitial, compositional defect and electronic defect,
potential energy curve and nature of interatomic forces.
X-rays: Production of x-ray spectra, continuous and characteristic xray spectra, Moseleys law, Braggs law and its application in
crystallography, non- destructive techniques (qualitative ideas).
Magnetic and Dielectric Materials: Magnetic materials,
terminology and classification, magnetic moments due to electron
spin, ferromagnetism and related phenomena, the domain structure,
the hysteresis loop, Types of magnetic materials: soft and hard
magnetic materials, dielectric materials, polarization (basic idea),
ferroelectric materials.
Electrical and Electronic properties of Materials: Electrical
conductivity, free electron theory (classical theory and applications),
free electron theory (quantum theory), density of states, Fermi
energy, FermiDirac statistics, Band theory of solids: metals,
semiconductors, insulators. Semiconductors: intrinsic and extrinsic

Overview of Syllabus
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Elastic behavior of
materials, ductile and brittle behavior, true stress and true
strain, tensile properties, yield point phenomenon, elastic
modulus, work hardening, fracture, creep and fatigue,
hardness. Plastic deformation by slip and twinning, atomic
model of elastic behavior, mechanism of slip critical
resolved shear stress.
Superconductivity: Introduction, Meissner effect,
penetration depth, critical field and critical temperature,
type-I superconductors, type-II superconductors, London
equations, BCS theory, high temperature superconductors.
Nanomaterials: Introduction, electron confinement,
quantum well, quantum wire, quantum dot, properties of
nanomaterials, structural properties, electrical properties,
optical properties, magnetic properties, synthesis of
nanomaterials [Mechanical method, Chemical Vapour
Condensation (CVC) and Chemical Vapour Deposition
(CVD), Sol-Gel method, Sputtering], carbon nanotubes and

Textbook and Reference Books

Textbook
TB:The EngineeringPhysicsbyChitkarapublications,2013.
Reference Books
RB1: IntroductiontoNanotechnologybyCharlesPPooleand
FrankJ.Owens,WileyInterscience,2003.
RB2: MaterialSciencebyMSVijayaandG.Rangarajan,Tata
McGrawHill,2010.
RB3: EngineeringPhysicsbyHitendraKMalik,A.K.Singh,
TataMcGrawHill,FourthEdition,2010.

Evaluation Scheme
Component1
Component2

SessionalTests:(ST1and
ST2)
EndTermExamination**

40

Total

100

60

There are two sessional tests (STs) and both are compulsory.
Theaverageoftwoisconsidered.
TheEndTermComprehensiveexaminationwillbeheldatthe
endofsemester.Themandatoryrequirementof75%attendance
inalltheoryclassesistobemetforbeingeligibletoappearin
thiscomponent.

Unit-1
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Classification of Matter
MATTER

GASES

LIQUIDS

CRYSTALLINE

SOLIDS

AMORPHOUS

Crystalline Solids
Acrystalorcrystallinesolidisasolidmaterial,whose
constituentatoms,molecules,orionsarearrangedinan
orderlyrepeatingpatternextendinginallthreespatial
dimensions.
Soacrystalischaracterizedbyregulararrangementof
atomsormolecules.

Examples of Crystalline Solids

Non-Metalliccrystals:
Ice,Carbon,Diamond,NaCl,KCletc
MetallicCrystals:
Copper,Silver,Aluminum,Tungsten,Magnesium
etc
Semiconductors:
Si,Ge,GaAs
Ceramics:
Alumina(Al2O3),Zirconia(Zr2O3),SiC,SrTiO3

Amorphous Solid
Amorphous(Non-crystalline)Solidiscomposedof
randomlyorientatedatoms,ions,ormoleculesthatdonot
formdefinedpatternsorlatticestructures.
Amorphousmaterialshaveorderonlywithinafewatomicor
moleculardimensions.

Polycrystalline and Single Crystal

Theusualformof
crystallinematerials(saya
Cuwireorapieceof
alumina)ispolycrystalline
andspecialcarehastobe
takentoproducesingle
crystals.
Polymericmaterialsare
usuallynotfully
crystalline.

Single Crystal

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRYSTAL

Contents
Crystal, Lattice and Motif
Unit cells, Lattice Parameters
Classification of Lattices:
7 crystal systems
14 Bravais lattices

Miller Indices

Directions and Planes

Crystal, Lattice and Motif

Crystal ?

A 3D translationaly
periodic arrangement
of atoms in space is
called a crystal.

Crystal, Lattice and Motif

Lattice?

A 3D translationally
periodic arrangement
of points in space is
called a lattice.

Crystal, Lattice and Motif

Crystal

Lattice

A 3D
translationally
periodic
arrangement
of atoms

A 3D
translationally
periodic
arrangement
of points

Crystal, Lattice and Motif

Motif?
Crystal = Lattice + Motif
Motif or basis: an atom or a
group of atoms associated
with each lattice point

Air,WaterandEarth

Every
periodic
pattern
(and hence
a crystal)
has a
unique
lattice
associated
with it

Crystal, Lattice and Motif

Crystal

Cu Crystal

Lattice

FCC

Motif

1 Cu+ ion

NaCl Crystal
FCC
1 Na+ ion + 1 Cl- ion

Contents
Crystal, Lattice and Motif
Unit cells, Lattice Parameters and Projections
Classification of Lattices:
7 crystal systems
14 Bravais lattices

Miller Indices & Miller-Bravais Indices

Directions and Planes

Unit cell description : 1

Translational Periodicity
One can select a small volume of
the crystal which by periodic
repetition generates the entire
crystal (without overlaps or gaps)
Unit
Cell

UNIT CELL:

The most common

shape of a unit cell is
a parallelopiped with
lattice points at
corners.

Primitive Unit Cell: Lattice Points only at corners

Non-Primitive Unit cell: Lattice Point at corners
as well as other some points

UNIT CELLS OF A LATTICE

Nonprimitivecell

A unit cell of a
lattice is NOT
unique.

Primitive
cell

Primitive
cell

Unit cell shape

CANNOT be the
basis for
classification of
Lattices

Lattice Parameters:

Unit cell description : 4

1. A corner as origin

2. Three edge vectors {a, b, c}

from the origin define
aa CRSYTALLOGRAPHIC
COORDINATE

SYSTEM

3. The three
lengths a, b, c and
the three
interaxial angles
, , are called the
LATTICE PARAMETERS

Thesixlatticeparametersa,b,c,,,
Thecellofthelattice

lattice
+Motif
crystal

Contents
Crystal, Lattice and Motif
Unit cells, Lattice Parameters
Classification of Lattices:
7 crystal systems
14 Bravais lattices

Miller Indices

Directions and Planes

Unit cell description : 5

7 crystal Systems
Crystal System

Conventional Unit Cell

1. Cubic

a=b=c, ===90

2. Tetragonal

a=bc, ===90

3. Orthorhombic

abc, ===90

4. Hexagonal

a=bc, == 90, =120

5. Rhombohedral
OR Trigonal

a=b=c, ==90

6. Monoclinic

abc, ==90

7. Triclinic

abc,

Crystal System

Bravais Lattices

1. Cubic

2. Tetragonal

3. Orthorhombic

4. Hexagonal

5. Trigonal

6. Monoclinic

7. Triclinic

P
P: Simple;
F: Face-centred;

F
F

C
I: body-centred;
C: End-centred

The three cubic Bravais lattices

Crystal system

Bravais lattices

1. Cubic

Simple cubic
Primitive cubic
Cubic P

Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic

Cubic I
Cubic F

OrthorhombicC
End-centredorthorhombic
Base-centredorthorhombic

Monatomic Body-Centred
Cubic (BCC) crystal

CsCl crystal
Cl
Cs

Corner and body-centres have

the same neighbourhood

Lattice: bcc

Corner and body-centred atoms

do not have the same
neighbourhood

Lattice: simple cubic

BCC

Motif: 1 atom 000

Motif: two atoms

Cl 000; Cs

Contents
Crystal, Lattice and Motif
Unit cells, Lattice Parameters
Classification of Lattices:
7 crystal systems
14 Bravais lattices

Miller Indices

Directions and Planes

Miller Indices 2

Miller Indices of Directions

1. Choose a point on the direction

as the origin.

2. Choose a coordinate system

with axes parallel to the unit
cell edges.

c
a

x 1a+0b+0c

y 3. Find the coordinates of

another point on the direction in
terms of a, b and c
1, 0, 0

4. Reduce the coordinates to smallest integers. 1, 0, 0

5. Put in square brackets [100]

Miller Indices 3

Miller indices of a direction:

only the orientation
not its position
y

[100]
All parallel directions have the
same Miller indices

Miller Indices of
Directions (contd.)

Direction OA
OA=1/2 a + 1/2 b + 1 c

z
Q

1/2, 1/2, 1

[1 1 2]
y

Direction PQ
y

O
P

PQ = -1 a -1 b + 1 c
-1, -1, 1
__
[111]

-ve steps are shown as bar over the number

Miller Indices 4

Miller indices of a family of symmetry related directions

uvw = [uvw] and all other directions related to

[uvw] by the symmetry of the crystal

[001]

Tetragonal

Cubic

[010]
[010]
[100]

100

cubic

= [100], [010],
[001]

[100]

100

= [100], [010]

tetragonal

Miller Indices for planes

1. Select a crystallographic
coordinate system with
origin not on the plane
2. Find intercepts along axes
1 1 1
3. Take reciprocal

O
x

1 1 1

4. Convert to smallest
integers in the same ratio
1 1 1
5. Enclose in parenthesis
(111)

Miller Indices for planes (contd.)

Plane

ABCD

OCBE

origin

O*

intercepts 1

reciprocals 1 0 0
A

B
O

O*
y

D
x

C
x

Miller
Indices

(1 0 0)

Zero
represents that
the plane is
parallel to the
corresponding
axis

1 -1

1 -1 0

(1 1 0)
Bar
represents
a negative
intercept

Miller indices of a plane

specifies only its orientation
in space not its position

All parallel planes

have the same Miller
Indices
_ _ _

(h k l ) ( h k l )
A

B
O
y

x
(100)

_
(100) (100)

Miller indices of a family of symmetry related planes

{hkl }

= (hkl ) and all other planes related to

(hkl ) by the symmetry of the crystal
All the faces of the cube
are equivalent to each
other by symmetry
Front & back faces: (100)
Left and right faces: (010)
Top and bottom faces: (001)

{100} = (100), (010), (001)

Miller indices of a family of

symmetry related planes

Cubic

Tetragonal

y
y
x
{100}cubic = (100), (010), (001)

x
{100}tetragonal = (100), (010)
(001)

dhkl
Interplanar spacing
between successive (hkl)
planes passing through the
corners of the unit cell

cubic
d hkl

a
h 2 k 2 l 2

O
d100 a

(100)

d1 1 0

a
2

Summary of Notation convention for Indices

[uvw]

Miller indices of a direction (i.e. a set of

parallel directions)

<uvw>

Miller indices of a family of symmetry

related directions

(hkl)

Miller Indices of a plane (i.e. a set of

parallel planes)

{hkl}

Miller indices of a family of symmetry

related planes

Thank You