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Fluids
Characteristics
of fluids
Fluids (contd)
Some
useful quantities
m m
V V
in SI unit
F
dF
p
A A0 dA
unit pascal
Pa 1 N / 1 m 2
in SI unit
Pressure
Pressure
F1 p1 A
F2 p2 A
fluid level
y1
y2
F1 F2 ( y2 y1 ) gA 0
F1
F2
imaginary
box
mg A
p2 p1 ( y2 y1 ) g
hg
p2 p1 hg
mg
Pressure (contd)
Pressure
p0
atmospheric
pressure
gauge pressure:
fluid level
y1
y2
p2 p1 hg
p1 p0 p1
F1
F2
imaginary
box
mg A
gauge
p2 p0 p2
gauge
atmospheric pressure
p2 p1 , y2 y1 0,
dp p2 p1 g ( y1 y2 ) gdy
dp gdy kpgdy
dp / dy kpg
p2 p1e
kg ( y2 y1 )
Pressure
Barometer
atmospheric
p0 pressure
p2 p1 g ( y1 y2 )
p2 0, y2 h, p1 p0
p0 gh
h p0 / g 0.758 m 760 mm
Manometer
Pressure
p2 p1 g ( y1 y2 )
p0
p2 p , y 2 h ,
level 1
pg
pg p p0 gh
h
level 2
liquid
tank
manometer
p1 p0 , y1 0
gauge pressure
Pascals law
incompressible
Pressure
p pext p0 gh
pressure at P
pext
w
liquid
P
p pext
pressure due to
liquid above P
lever
p F1 / A1 F2 / A2
F2 ( A2 / A1 ) F1
A2 / A1 1 F2 F1
x1
F1
x2
x1 A1 x2 A2 x2 ( A1 / A2 ) x1
A2
A1
W2 F2 x2 ( A2 / A1 ) F1 ( A1 / A2 ) x1
F2
F1x1 W1
Buoyancy
Origin
of buoyancy
Fnet ( F2 F1 ) m f g 0
buoyancy
P1
F1
mf g
P2
F2
buoyant force
Fb m f g
Fnet ( F2 F1 ) mobj g 0
Fb m f g
Buoyancy
Origin
of buoyancy (contd)
dF
dF
dF
dF
Fnet X
dF
mg
dF
dF
dF
Fb mfluid g fluidVg
buoyant force
Buoyancy
Archimedess
principle
f obj , Fnet 0
apparent weight
If
f obj , Fnet 0
Object sinks
The object will rise until a part of it comes out above the fluid
Surface when the average density increases to f
Example
What fraction of an iceberg is submerged in the sea water?
Lets assume that the total volume of the iceberg is Vi.
Then the weight of the iceberg Fgi is
Fgi iVi g
B wVw g
iVi g wVw g
Vw
i
917 kg / m 3
0.890
3
Vi
w 1030kg / m
Example
A fake or pure gold crown?
Is the crown made of pure
gold?
Tair =7.84 N
T mg 0
air
Twater mg B 0
Twater =6.86 N
Twater Tair B 0
B Tair Twater water gVwater
0.980 N
4
m Tair / g 0.800 kg
gold=19.3x103 kg/m3
Example
Floating down the river
What depth h is the bottom of
the raft submerged?
wood=6.00x102 kg/m3
B mraft g 0 B mraft g
mraft g ( raftVraft ) g
raftVraft
h
0.0632 m
water A
A=5.70 m2
P1 P0 gh1 1.01105 Pa
(7.00 10 2 kg/m 3 )(9.80 m/s 2 )
(8.00 m)
1.56 10 Pa
5
Pbot P1 gh2
2.06 105 Pa
=0.700 g/cm3
h1=8.00 m
=1025 kg/m3
h2=5.00 m
fluids in motion
flow line
Continuity equation
Continuity
v2
tub
dV Avdt
flo
w
A2
v2dt
v1
dV / dt Av
A1
v1dt
Continuity equation
v2
A2
Volume
flow rate
dV Avdt
v2dt
dV / dt Av
Continuity
equation II
(compressible fluid)
v1
A1
v1dt
Bernoullis equation
Work
v2
dW p1 A1ds1 p2 A2ds2
F2 p2 A2
( p1 p2 )dV
dV
A2
v1
dV
A1
F1 p1 A1
done by pressure
Change
dK (1 / 2) dV ( v22 v12 )
ds2 v2dt
dV A1ds1 A2ds2
ds1 v1dt
y1
in kinetic energy
Change
in potential energy
dU dVg ( y2 y1 )
y2
Bernoullis equation
Energy conservation
dW dK dU
dW ( p1 p2 )dV
dK (1 / 2) dV ( v22 v12 )
dU dVg ( y2 y1 )
p1 p2 (1 / 2) ( v22 v12 ) g ( y2 y1 )
Example
Venturi meter
1 2
1
v1 p2 v22
2
2
A1
v2
v1
A2
p1
1 2 A12
p1 p2 v1 ( 2 1)
2
A2
p1 p2 gh
v1
2 gh
( A1 / A2 ) 2 1
Torricellis theorem
Example
2
2
ptop gytop (1 / 2) vtop
phole gyhole (1 / 2) vhole
2
g ( ytop yhole ) (1 / 2) vhole
vhole 2 gh
Siphon
Example
Siphon
Example
Air cannot enter the pipe. As the water starts running out of the pipe,
a near vacuum is created in the topmost region of the inverted U. The
pressure here drops to near zero. The atmospheric pressure on the
surface of the water in the bucket pushes the water into the U-shaped
pipe.
Siphon
Example
Siphon
Example
When P1>P2, the fluid can be siphoned from the left to the
right bucket.
Water garden
Example
5.00 10 m /s
100.0 cm 60.0 s
10.0 m/s
4
2
A2
0.500 10 m
y v0 y t
1 2
2t
2(1.00 m)
gt t
0.452 s; x v0 x t 4.52 m
2
2
g
9.80 m/s
P0
h =0.500 m
y1 =3.00 m
1 2
v1 gy1 P0 gy2
2
v1 2 g ( y2 y1 ) 2 gh
3.13 m/s
(b) Find where the stream hits the ground.
1
y 0 y1 gt 2 v0 y t t 0.782 s
2
x v0 x t v1t 2.45 m
y
x
A1v1 A2 v2
v2
A2=1.00 m2
A1=0.500 m2
h =5.00 m
A1
v1
A2
1 2
1 2
P0 v1 gy1 P0 v2 gy2
2
2
2
P0
1 2
1 A
v1 gy1 P0 1 v1 gy2
2
2 A2
2 gh
A1
2
2 g ( y2 y1 ) 2 gh v1
v1 1
11.4 m/s
2
1 ( A1 / A2 )
A2
Problems
Problem 1
The upper edge of a gate in a dam runs
the water surface. The gate is 2.00 m high
and 4.00 m wide and is hinged along the
horizontal line through its center. Calculate
the torque about the hinge arising from
the force due to the water.
2.00 m
00
.
4
Solution
Denote the width and depth at the bottom of the gate by w and H.
The force on a strip of vertical thickness dh at a depth h is: dF gh(wdh)
and the torque about the hinge is d gwh( h H / 2)dh.
After integrating from h=0 to h=H, you get the torque:
Problem 2
An object with height h, mass M, and a uniform cross-sectional area A
floats upright in a liquid with density .
(a) Calculate the vertical distance from the surface of the liquid to the
bottom of the floating object in equilibrium.
(b) A downward force with magnitude F is applied to the top of the object.
At the new equilibrium position, how much farther below the surface of
the liquid is the bottom of the object than it was in part (a)?
(c) Calculate the period of the oscillation when the force F is suddenly
removed.
Solution
(a) From Archimedess principle gLA Mg , so L M /( A).
(b) The buoyant force is: gA( L x) Mg F . With the result of part (a) solving
for x gives: x F /( gA).
(c) The force is always in the direction toward the equilibrium, namely, a
restoring force Fres Fbuoy Mg gAx. Therefore the spring constant is
k gA and the period of the oscillation is T 2 M / k 2 M /( gA) .
Problem 3
You cast some metal of density m in a mold, but you are worried that there
might be cavities within the casting. You measure the weight of the casting
to be w, and the buoyant force when it is completely surrounded by water
V0 B /( water g ) w /( m g )
to be B. (a) Show that
is the total volume
of any enclosed cavities. (b) If your metal is copper, the castings weight
is 156 N, and the buoyant force is 20 N, what is the total volume of any
enclosed cavities in your casting? What fraction is this of the total volume
of the casting?
Solution
(a) Denote the total volume V. If the density of air is neglected, the buoyant
B water gV water g[( w / g ) / m V0 ]
force in terms of the weight is:
Therefore V0 B /( water g ) w /( m g ).
(b) B /( water g ) w /( Cu g ) 2.52 104 m3. The total volume of the casting is
B /( water g ), The cavities are 12.4% of the total volume.
Problem 4
A
A U-shaped tube with a horizontal portion of
length contains a liquid. What is the difference
in height between the liquid columns in the
vertical arms (a) if the tube has an acceleration
a toward the right? (b) if the tube is mounted on
a horizontal turntable rotating with an angular
speed with one of the vertical arms on the
axis of rotation?
Solutions
(a) Consider the fluid in the horizontal part of the tube. This fluid with mass
A , is subject to a net force due to the pressure difference between
the ends of the tube, which is the difference between the gauge pressures
at the bottoms of the ends of the tubes. Now this difference is g ( y L y R ),
and the net force on the horizontal part of the fluid is
g ( y L y R ) A Aa ,
or ( y L y R ) ( a / g ).
(b) Similarly to (a) consider the fluid in the horizontal part of the tube. As in (a)
the fluid is accelerating. The center of mass has a radial acceleration of
magnitude arad 2 / 2, so the difference in heights between the columns
is ( 2 / 2)( / g ) 22 /(2 g ).