ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

Political Career

In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest

member of Pakistan's delegation to the United
Nations.
In 1958, he became Pakistans youngest cabinet
minister. He was assigned ministry of Water and
Power.
He was then given ministry of Commerce,
Communication and Industry.
Close and trustworthy to Ayub Khan.
Indus Water Treaty and Oil Exploration Agreement.
1963, Bhutto became Foreign Minister.

Initiative of friendly relations with China.

His style of leading the Foreign Ministry and his swift
rise to power brought him national prominence and
popularity.
After Tashkent Agreement, he left Ayub Khan and
resigned in 1966.
Founded Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967.
Contested elections in 1970 and won majority in West
Pakistan
Took over from Yahya Khan in 1971, became first
civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator
Disintegration of Bangladesh

Prime Minister of Pakistan

Bhutto was sworn in as the prime minister of the

country on 14 August 1973, after he had secured 108
votes in a house of 146 members. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
was elected as the president under the new
constitution. During his five years of government, the
Bhutto government made extensive reforms at every
level of government. Pakistan's capital and Western
reforms that were began to take place and built in 1947
throughout the 1970s, were transformed and replaced
with Socialist system. His policies were seen people
friendly, but it did not produce long-lasting effects as
the civil disorder against Bhutto began to take place in
1977.

HIS POLICIES

Nationalist and Socialist, Democratic point of

view.
Aggressive leader
Popular in public
Friendly relations with China, Germany,
Indonesia, Saudia Arabia and other countries
Aggressive Geo-strategic and foreign policies
towards India.

Reforms

Domestic reforms
Education reforms
Foreign policy
Land reforms
Economic policy
Labor reforms

Nuclear Program

He had this idea first time in 1958 during his

Political Science studies.
Initiated nuclear program in 1965
Appointed Dr. Abdus Salam in 1965
"Even if we have to eat grass, we will make
nuclear bomb. We have no other choice
Bhutto was not lucky to see his dream come
true, but gave the nation a path to follow
Pakistan became Atomic Power on May 28th
1998

Islamic Summits

Friendly relations with Saudi Arab, Iran,

Palestine and other Arab Countries.
Second Islamic summit in 1974
Leader of Third World Countries

Constitution

Constitutional reforms after division of Dhakka

Pakistans first constitution in 1973
Strong democratic setup.

Arrest and Trial

Dismissal of government by General Zia Ul

Haq in 1977
Arrested and trialed for murder of the father of
Ahmed Raza Kasuri
Controversy about Zia and Courts of that time
Appointment of Mushtaq Hussain as judge
Sentenced to death in 1979
Hanged in Central Jail of Rawalpindi on 4 th April
1979

BHUTTOS EXPERIMENT WITH SOCIALISM

The early 1970s were the most traumatic and turbulent years of Pakistans
political and economic history.

The political impasse resulted in the ill-considered military action in East

Pakistan in March Pakistans military defeat, and the creation of an
independent state of Bangladesh in December 1971.

Glaring Feature of Bhuttos era:

Large scale nationalization of industry, insurance and banking, extending the state
control of the modern sector significantly.

Took full control of countrys educational system by nationalizing private

educational establishments.

Extending the Role of the State

The structural reforms undertaken during the Bhutto

period further enlarged the considerable role of the state
in the economy.

Public control of industry expanded considerably and

banking and insurance totally nationalized, but there was
also a massive expansion in public investment in
infrastructure.

By the end of the Bhutto period, the public sector

accounted for more than 70% of the expenditure on
capital formation.

Nationalization

The government took over the management and control of thirty-one

industrial units in January 1972 in ten basic industry groups including iron
and steel, heavy engineering, motor vehicles, heavy chemicals and
cement.

In March 1972, the government over took the management and control of
thirty-two life insurance companies.

Cotton export and cooking oil industries were nationalized during 1973.

The Pakistani banks were nationalized in 1974.

A lot of educational institutions were also nationalizaed

Nationalization

The final wave of nationalization during the Bhutto period came in July
1976 when government unexpectedly took over about three thousand
cotton ginning factories, rice and flour mills with a total turnover of Rs.14
billion and employing 3,000 persons.

The nationalization of heavy industries, insurance and banking were part

of the relatively well thought out actions to curb the power of 22 families,

Whereas the decision to nationalize cotton export trade, edible oil

industry and agro processing units were largely ad hoc, responding
either to economic or political pressures.

The nationalization of thirty-one units in the industrial sector in January

1972 affected less than 20% of the value added of the large scalemanufacturing sector.

Labor Policy

Comprehensive labor policy announced in February 1972

measures to improve the income and the bargaining position of labor.
procedures for speedy and just settlement of disputes, a fair share in profits and
participation in the management of industry, bounces, and better housing, health and
education facilities.

This extended the benefits of reforms to another 1.2 mill workers but elicited
a strong negative reaction from the large number of small businesses which
became a subject to a whole new set of regulations.

The new labor policy added about 12% to the cost of labor and thus met
resistance even by the managers of state enterprises.

Labor policy combined with uncertainty about the attitude of the government
towards the private sector acted as a strong disincentive to further
investment in large-scale industry in the private sector

Educational Reforms
New educational policy- March 1972,
Outlined an ambitious program of educational development
including:
Free

and universal education up to class VIII,

Strengthening of technical education
An educational program for women in the rural areas.

The immediate focus was the nationalization of private

educational institutions.

Take over of private educational institutions adversely

affected the development of basic education as well as the
quality of education.

The Bhutto government established a large number of

rural and urban schools, including around 6,500
elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high
schools, 51 intermediate colleges and 21 junior
colleges.Bhutto also abandoned the Western education
system and most of the literature was sent back to
Western world; instead his government encouraged the
local academicians to publish books on their respected
fields. Though the local books were made cheaper to
the public, these reforms came with controversy. His
government made Islamic and Pakistan studies
compulsory in schools. Book banks were created in
most institutions and over 400,000 copies of text-books
were supplied to students.

Land and agriculture reforms

During his period as prime minister, a number

of land reforms were also introduced. The
important land reforms included the reduction
of land ceilings and introducing the security of
tenancy to tenant farmers. The land ceiling was
fixed to 150 acres (0.61 km2) of irrigated land
and 300 acres (1.2 km2) of non-irrigated land.

Labour policy and social security

The labour policy was among one of the most important

cornerstone of Bhutto's government and a comprehensive labour
reforms initiated by the Bhutto government.[Shortly after assuming
control, Bhutto's government imposed some conditions on the
dismissal of workers. In 1973, the government instituted Labour
Courts for the speedy redress of workers grievances and the
government also introduced a scheme for workers participation in
management, through the nationalization policy
In 1972 the Bhutto government initially provided for some old age
benefits for workers through group insurance, increased rates of
compensation and higher rates of gratuity. However, the policy did
not benefited immediately, therefore, the government introduced a
pension scheme of old age benefits which would provide a
payment of Rs.75 a month to workers after retirement at the age
of 55 for men and 50 for women, on condition that the worker had
completed a minimum of 15 years insurable employment.