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Before Independence from British in 1947 from 1820, Kashmir was ruled by the Maharaja of Kashmir who was
Hindu although the majority of the population were Muslim.
The Problem
The Kashmir area was
predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to
India and agreed to place
Kashmir under Indian rule if
India would protect Kashmir
from invasion.
If there had been a vote in
Kashmir, the majority
probably would have voted
to become part of Pakistan
for religious reasons.
INTRODUCTION
o 1947-End of British rule
o Partition /Formation of Pakistan and India
o 635
states
remained
including Kashmir
o Maharaja Harry Singh
o Muslim majority
o Accession
independent
OVERVIEW
o First Kashmir War-1948
o Movement of Mujahideen to Srinagar
o Hurry Singh to India: Accession
o India went to UN-1948 and 1950
o Nehrus promise of plebiscite
o Second Kashmir War- 1965
o Gibraltar's Operation
o United Nations mandated ceasefire
o Third War-1971
o Direct Military Confrontation
PROPAGANDA
Lord mount batten
Red cliff
HARI SINGH
Wars
1947-1948
1965
1971
FRANK MASSERVY
Security council
aggression
While Pakistan blamed India for the forced
accession of Kashmir to India
When the talks were still on India send her
troops to drive away the tribesman from the
occupied land
Pakistan also retaliated and a full on war
ensured
The UN security council intervened and urged
the two countries to declare a cease fire
Tashkent agreement
UN Mediation
Consistent Indian delays and inflexible attitude to agree on any
viable course to hold plebiscite eventually led the UN to employ
seasoned mediators
Total four solution reports were presented by the UNO Mediators
In almost all the cases the story was same, acceptance by Pakistan
and an emphatic rejection by India
In all the cases India readily rejected every bill on Kashmir issue
from education to human rights
For lat 4 decades India is violating Human Rights ignoring all the
International Human rights
Enforced disappearance
o Enforced disappearance is abduction or kidnapping, carried out by state
agents or organized groups
o Authorities neither accept the responsibility for the dead nor account for
where about the victim
o Youth are randomly arrested and taken to the unknown locations by
security agencies
o They are either killed in encounters or tortured in jails and later buried or
thrown in rivers and lakes
o Enforced Disappearance is a serious violation of fundamental Human
Rights
Mass graves
o Large mass graves have been recently found in
valley after WikiLeaks revelations
o An estimate of 371 graves were found at a single
location containing approx. 400 bodies
o Every witnesses and grave diggers say that army and
state police used to come and bury bodies after dark
o In another location 2156 unidentified graves were
found in 38 sites in North Kashmir District
Our Position
We believe that Kashmir must become an
independent state
The United Nations must take a proactive
role in securing Kashmiri sovereignty
Conclusion
Greater understanding of this conflict--history and developments
The necessity of resolving this conflict, as
well as potential solutions
The important role that the UN has in
mediating the situation