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India occupied kashmir

Indian occupied Kashmir can be divided into


three parts :
Jammu (which consist of Hindu population; the Kashmiri pundits)
The Kashmir valley (which consist of 90% Muslim population)
The Leh Ladakh belt which consist of the Buddhist monks or people
following Buddhism

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Partition and dispute

Before Independence from British in 1947 from 1820, Kashmir was ruled by the Maharaja of Kashmir who was
Hindu although the majority of the population were Muslim.

The Problem
The Kashmir area was
predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to
India and agreed to place
Kashmir under Indian rule if
India would protect Kashmir
from invasion.
If there had been a vote in
Kashmir, the majority
probably would have voted
to become part of Pakistan
for religious reasons.

INTRODUCTION
o 1947-End of British rule
o Partition /Formation of Pakistan and India
o 635
states
remained
including Kashmir
o Maharaja Harry Singh
o Muslim majority
o Accession

independent

Governor General of India Lord


Mountbatten

It is my Governments wish that as soon as

Law and order have been restored in the

Jammu and Kashmir and her soil cleared of

invader the question of the states accession

should be settled by a reference to people

OVERVIEW
o First Kashmir War-1948
o Movement of Mujahideen to Srinagar
o Hurry Singh to India: Accession
o India went to UN-1948 and 1950
o Nehrus promise of plebiscite
o Second Kashmir War- 1965
o Gibraltar's Operation
o United Nations mandated ceasefire
o Third War-1971
o Direct Military Confrontation

PROPAGANDA
Lord mount batten

Red cliff

HARI SINGH

Mahraja Hari singh


The princely state of Kashmir had a Hindu, Maharaja Hari Singh and huge

Muslim majority population,


Lord Mountbatten gave the Maharaja an option of either joining India or
Pakistan before 15th August 1947,
The Maharaja was unsure so asked for more time, he however asked both
India and Pakistan to sign a standstill agreement
Pakistan accepted but India refused

The people in the state protested against


the kings indecisiveness

Some of them wanted accession with


Pakistan

A reaction to the protest the king asked his


troops to open fire on the people

Wars

Three major wars between India and Pakistan have


been fought over the Kashmir territory

1947-1948
1965
1971

A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan


invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.

LOC LINE OF CONTROL


On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was
agreed, with 65 % of the territory
under Indian control and the remaining
35% with Pakistan.
The ceasefire was intended to be
temporary, but the Line of Control
remains the military control line
between the Indian and Pakistanicontrolled parts of the state of Jammu
& Kashmir.

FRANK MASSERVY

A large number of Muslim population was killed in


the violence. A reaction to these killings the
Pathan tribesmen from the North West frontier
province invaded Kashmir. They defeated the
kings troops and reached the capital Srinagar

The Maharaja fled to Jammu and asked India for help


against the onslaught India agreed only on the condition
of accession

Hence the Maharaja on 26th Oct 1947 signed the


accession agreement with India

India airlifted her troops to Kashmir


The Pakistan army was stunned and wanted to
fight back
However when India observe that they will lose
the war then after the death of Quiad-e-Azam
they move toward security council

Security council

Security council : India blamed Pakistan of

aggression
While Pakistan blamed India for the forced
accession of Kashmir to India
When the talks were still on India send her
troops to drive away the tribesman from the
occupied land
Pakistan also retaliated and a full on war
ensured
The UN security council intervened and urged
the two countries to declare a cease fire

Tashkent agreement

The war of 1965 was perhaps one of the most


intense wars the two neighbours ever fought.
Pakistan attacked India in operation code named
Gibraltar on August 5, 1965.
The war was at a point of stalemate when the UN
Security Council unanimously passed a resolution
on September 20 that called for a ceasefire.
New Delhi and Islamabad accepted the ceasefire,
and the war ended on September 23.
Tashkent Declaration was signed on January 10,
1966

Kashmir Implications on Pakistan


Three out of six rivers, which run through Pakistan, originate
from Kashmir namely Rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
where as remaining three Rivers Ravi, Sutlaj and Biyas
originate from India.
Kashmir also assumes added importance for Pakistan from
military point of view. Without Kashmir, Silk route to China
will be greatly endangered and there will be no link with
China-a time tested ally and friend of Pakistan.
There will be no ground defence of Pakistan if the rivers and
canals of Pakistan are dried up.
The strategic location of the state, close proximity of its SE
borders to 180 miles long vital road and rail route between
Rawalpindi and Lahore.

UN Mediation
Consistent Indian delays and inflexible attitude to agree on any
viable course to hold plebiscite eventually led the UN to employ
seasoned mediators
Total four solution reports were presented by the UNO Mediators
In almost all the cases the story was same, acceptance by Pakistan
and an emphatic rejection by India
In all the cases India readily rejected every bill on Kashmir issue
from education to human rights
For lat 4 decades India is violating Human Rights ignoring all the
International Human rights

HOW DANGEROUS IS THE KASHMIR DISPUTE?


It is potentially one of the most dangerous disputes in the world and in the worstcase scenario could trigger a nuclear conflict.
In 1998 India and Pakistan both declared themselves to be nuclear powers with a
string of nuclear tests.
In 2002 there was a huge deployment of troops on both sides of the border as India
reacted to an armed attack on the national parliament in Delhi the previous
December. Tension between the two countries has rarely been so high.
India said the attack was carried out by Pakistani-based militants assisted by the
Pakistan government - a charge always denied by Pakistan.
For much of the last two decades, separatist militancy and cross-border firing
between the Indian and Pakistani armies has left a death toll running into tens of
thousands and a population traumatized by fighting and fear.

Enforced disappearance
o Enforced disappearance is abduction or kidnapping, carried out by state
agents or organized groups
o Authorities neither accept the responsibility for the dead nor account for
where about the victim
o Youth are randomly arrested and taken to the unknown locations by
security agencies
o They are either killed in encounters or tortured in jails and later buried or
thrown in rivers and lakes
o Enforced Disappearance is a serious violation of fundamental Human
Rights

Mass graves
o Large mass graves have been recently found in
valley after WikiLeaks revelations
o An estimate of 371 graves were found at a single
location containing approx. 400 bodies
o Every witnesses and grave diggers say that army and
state police used to come and bury bodies after dark
o In another location 2156 unidentified graves were
found in 38 sites in North Kashmir District

o At two separate locations around 3500 (208


sites) and 2500 graves have been found
o Government promised DNA tests to reveal the
bodies however no tests were conducted till now

Our Position
We believe that Kashmir must become an
independent state
The United Nations must take a proactive
role in securing Kashmiri sovereignty

Conclusion
Greater understanding of this conflict--history and developments
The necessity of resolving this conflict, as
well as potential solutions
The important role that the UN has in
mediating the situation

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