P440 Distance & Other Protection

Functions
Distance
Protection

Power Swing
Blocking

Out Of Step
Logic

Channel Aided
Distance / DEF

Broken
Conductor
Detection

Switch on to
Fault & Trip
on Reclose

Negative
Directional Sequence
Overcurrent

Directional /
non Directional
Overcurrent

Thermal
Overload
Breaker
Failure

Under / Over
Voltage

Directional /
non Directional
Earth Fault

Impedance Measurement Algorithms

R and X Measurement
Compute R and X for 6 impedance loops
(ZAN, ZBN, ZCN, ZAB, ZBC, ZCA)
Line characteristics:

D
ZSource

ZLine

Fault characteristics:

I
U

U =D x V + RFault x J
=D x (R + jX) x I + RFault x J

R = line resistance (/km)

X = line reactance (/km)

RFault

D = calculated position of the fault (km)

I = fault current on the faulty phase(s) as
measured by the relay (A)
RF= apparent fault resistance ()

V = (R + jX) x I = linear voltage drop on

the line (V/km)
U = voltage measured by the relay (V)

J = fault current through the fault

resistance(A)
Ir = residual current

Setting Applied for Ground Fault

Detection

A-N Zone 1 shown:

IA

ZS

Z1 Gnd

VA

VS

IA

Line Ground Reach

IN

kZn x Z1 Gnd

R1 Gnd

Fault

Line Residual Reach

Xa

Z1 gnd
Z1
R1gnd/
1+kZN

Ground Loop Model

Ra

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X

Measurement
Location of Relay
Zs
Zs

i3

V2N

V1N

ZL

i2

kS Z S

R Fault/(1 + K0)

Z Fault

Zs i
1
V3N

X /phase

V V V
1

kL Z L

R /phase

RFault

Phase-to-ground loop impedance:

VN = ZL x D x (I + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
with = (A, B or C)
And J = 3I0 during the first 2 cycles and then J = I

k0 =

Z0 - Zd
3 x Zd

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R

and X Measurement

For phase-to-earth loop impedance:

VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J

VBN = ZL x D x (IB + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J

VCN = ZL x D x (IC + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
x 4 kO residual compensation factors = 12 loops

The derived faulted phase current is used for measurement

after the first 2 cycles for fault in zone 2, 3, P and 4 because
the zero sequence current 3I0 can be erroneous due to a singlephase CB opening in the network.

Setting Applied for Phase Fault

Detection

A-B Zone 1 shown:

IA - IB

ZS

Z1 Ph
Line Phase Reach

VS

VAB

Xab

R1 Ph / 2

Fault

Z1 ph
Z1
R1ph/2

Positive Sequence Model

Rab

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R

and X Measurement
Location of Relay
Zs

Zs
Zs

V3N

V2N

V1N

ZL

i3

X /phase
ZL

ZL

i2

ZL

i1
V1 V2 V3

Phase-to-phase loop impedance:

V = ZL x D x I + RFault /2 x J
with = (AB, BC or CA) and with J =
I

R Fault/2

RFault

Z Fault

R /phase

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R

and X Measurement
For phase-to-phase loop impedance:
VAB = ZL x D x IAB + RFault /2 x J

VBC = ZL x D x IBC + RFault /2 x J

VCA = ZL x D x ICA + RFault /2 x J
= 3 loops

The protection has 15 measurement loops.

The measurements are true reactance measurements,
i.e. insensitive to effects of load current and fault
resistance.
All 15 loops will be computed every 0,69 ms at 60 Hz.
(24 samples per cycle)

Impedance Measurement Algorithms R

and X Measurement
Gauss-Seidel
(Last mean square iterative mathematics method)

Fault distance D :
DN

U x V - R fault N-1 x V x J

(V)

Fault resistance R Fault :

=

R Dfaut N

U x J - D N-1 x V x J
(J)

Distance Protection Algorithms

Dual distance protection algorithms
The operation of MiCOM P440 is based
on the combined use of two types of
algorithms for a fault detection:
Algorithm 1: Fault detection using superimposed
quantities: Delta algorithm (Startup: I or V )
Algorithm 2: Fault detection using resistance/reactance:
Conventional algorithm (Startup: minZ )

Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms

Delta algorithms
The patented algorithm has been proven with
15 years of service at all voltage levels.
The P440 relay has ultimate reliability of phase
selection and directional decision far superior
to standard distance techniques.
The delta algorithms are based on transient
components.

Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms/Principle

Delta algorithm using superimposed values

Fault confirmation
T = 1/2 cycle
Forward fault detection
Phase selection
Convergence of calculated R and X within
quadrilateral zone
Trip time with new coprocessor board:
Fastest Trip Time 0.85 cycle
Typical 1.1 cycle

Faulted Phase Selection

All P44x Use Superimposed Current

Compares pre-faulted system

Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector
Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings
Provides secure phase selection for complex fault
conditions
Sensitive to any fault type

Works Automatically - with no settings needed

Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms/Principle
Predicted and Superimposed Values

Y(t-2T) = Sample two cycles prior to t

Y(t-T) = Sample one cycle prior to t

Yp(t)

= Predicted value of Y at time t

= 2.Y(t-T) - Y(t-2T)

Y(t)

= Y(t) - Yp(t)

Y(t) currents or voltages

Sampled waveform y

Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms/Principle
Calculation of Superimposed Values
IApf
Unfaulted line (predicted)

VApf

VFpf
IA

Faulted line

VA

F
Rfault

IA
Superimposed Delta
values:
VA=VA-VApf
IA=IA-IApf

VA

-VFpf
Rfault

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Principle

A transition is detected if:

I > 20% In OR V >10% Vn

Then three tasks are starting in parallel:

Fault confirmation: I AND V

Faulty phase selection
Fault direction determination
(classical directionnal computed in parallel) (3 consecutive samples)

(4 consecutive samples)
(5 consecutive samples)

Start

Confirmation
Phase selection
Direction

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection
Phase Selection
Current derivative values are used to
eliminate the effect of dc transients
Derivative currents are squared prior to
magnitude comparison Sx = ( I'x)
for the six loops
Phase-to-phase values are sorted into
ascending order and compared
Example SAB < SBC < SCA

If SAB << SBC , the fault has had minimal effect on the
loop AB. The fault is single-phase (C).

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection

Phase selection
If no single phase fault is detected, phase values
are sorted into ascending order and compared
Example SA < SB < SC

Fault affects at least the ring main (B,C)

If SA << SB , the fault is phase-to-phase (B,C)

If SAB SBC SBC and SA SB SC the fault is three-phase

(A,B,C)

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction

Fault direction is determined according to the sign of transient energy

characterising the fault. Transition energy is the energy created by the
fault and is given by:

- S = U x I x dt

The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows:

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction

For forward faults I is in reverse direction to the relays CT

orientation
The power supplied through the relay is:
P = - I. Zs

The energy is:

S = - I. Zs. dt, which is always negative

Zone 1

Forward fault

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction

For a reverse fault V = I. Zs is positive while I is in same direction as the

relays CT orientation, hence:
The power supplied through the relay is:
P = - I. Zs

The energy is:

(S = + I . Zs. dt,) always positive for a reverse fault.

Zone 1

Reverse fault

Delta Directional Comparison:

Forward Fault Decision
Forward direction
Forward fault

V
I

- V
-Zs

Delta I lags inverted Delta V

Delta I lags -V according to the

characteristic angle of the source

impedance behind the relay

60 degrees for lines (by default),

0 degrees used for series compensated line

applications (Series Cmp. Line = Enabled in
P442).

P442

P443

Distance Protection Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction
The fault direction is determined by the sign of the transient
energy S calculated by phase:
SA= UA x IA , SB= UB x IB ,

SC= UC x IC

If fault in AN
If fault in BN
If fault in CN

then S = SA
then S = SB
then S = SC

If fault in AB
If fault in BC
If fault in CA
If fault in ABC

and if SA or SB<0
and if SB or SC<0
and if SC or SA<0
and if SA or SB or SC< 0

If S<0 then Forward Fault

If S>0 then Reverse Fault
then
Forward Fault
otherwise
Reverse Fault

Distance Protection
AlgorithmsDelta/Conventional Algorithms
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone <10% change in between R & X

iterations gives convergence n=n+1

<5% change in between R &

X iterations gives convergence
n=n+2

n= 6 zone decision
for Z1, Z1X, Z2 and Zp

n= 2 zone decision
for Z3 and Z4

4..
R

Protection de Distance Caractristique en

Forme de Paralllogramme

Rsistance de couverture par zone utilise dans le cas dune

protection de ligne courte: R/X = 10
Limites de caractristique en RBi et Rmono (possibilit de
Limite Dtection
recouvrir la zone de charge
Bande de Pompage
Boucles Bi
Limite Mise en Route
des boucles monos

X
Z3
Rbi

Mono
R

Zone de Charge

Channel Aided Distance Schemes

P440 Pilot Logic Schemes (21P, 21G)
Direct Intertrip (using PSL)
Blocking (BOP)
Permissive Underreach
(PUP)

Permissive Overreach (POP)

POP with weak infeed logic
On Channel Fail: LOL or Z1X

POP with weak infeed logic,

and weak infeed trip
Unblocking on Loss of Guard in
FSK Power Line Carrier
Schemes
Unblocking on Loss of Carrier
in Non-PLC Schemes

Switch on to Fault & Trip on Reclose

MiCOM P440

Switch on to Fault (SOTF)

(1)

X
X
X

Fast tripping for faults on line energisation, even

where line VTs provide no prefault voltage memory

In service for 500ms following CB Closure (Input)

Switch on to Fault (SOTF)

(2)

Fast tripping using:

I>3 overcurrent protection
or
Level detector
or
Distance protection (zone operation
settable Z1, Z2, Zp, Z3 or Z< starting)
with supervision by Inrush Current
Detection
Fastest operating time:
10 ms (I>3)
20 ms (Z<)

Trip On Reclose (TOR)

(3)

As SOTF:
Except if:
Zone 1 extension,
or

Channel Aided Distance (directional comparison)

Differentiation between 3 pole TOR and SOTF

can made using a settable line open time delay.

Breaker Failure Protection (50 BF)

50BF

50BF

Busbar 1

50BF

87BB

Busbar 2
Back Trip Order
(4)
CB Failed
(2)

Trip Order
(1)
Other
protection

CB Fail Signal
(3)

50BF

50BF

Supervision: VTS & CTS & CVT

Settings MiCOM S1:

Autoreclose and Check Synchronism

MiCOM P440

Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage

Control

Up to 4 cycles of reclosing:

First fast cycle can be single phase

(P442 - P444)

3 time delayed cycles

Starting selection
elements/autorecloser interlock

Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage

Control

Voltage control function allows:

Autoreclose on live line / live bar

Autoreclose on dead line / live line
Autorecloser on live line / dead bar
Safety checking prior to manual close authorisation
(remote or local)
PSL dedicated to increase the wait window to close
conditions

A Users View - Interface MiCOM P440

Programmable Scheme Logic - Settings
- Distance Com...

MiCOM S1 (P20-P30-P40) Setting Software

Edition/Modification of settings
and text in the protection

MiCOM S1 Studio 5.3.0

New
EASERGY 6.0.0

Edition/Modification of logic
schemes
Extraction of event log records
Supervision
Extraction of disturbance
records
Analysis of those records

New Software from April 2016

Interface HMI
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
MiCOM P440

Programmable Scheme Logic

(Introduction)

Opto

Relay
contacts

Gate Logic

Protection
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic

LEDs
User programmable scheme logic

Programmable Scheme Logic (1/9)

In

Gate Logic

Out

Protection
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic

Programmable Scheme Logic

P440 Summary

Versatile distance relay for all MVEHV applications

Extremely secure - Delta techniques, for fault

detection, directionality and phase selection

Overhead line and/or cable applications

Full complement of distance and DEF schemes

Menu-driven software for setting and analysis

Comprehensive back up protection

Integrated four shot autoreclosure with check synch

Summary of P440 Functions

21G Ground distance protection, 3

forward elements, 1 reverse
element, 1 selectable element,
quadrilateral zones.
21P Phase distance protection, 3
forward elements, 1 reverse
element, 1 selectabe element,
quadrilateral zones.
85 Channel-aided protection.
50 Phase overcurrent, High set,
for Stub bus application.
67/46
Negative sequence overcurrent
49

Thermal Protection - overload

50/27 Switch onto fault and trip on

reclose
50/51 Phase overcurrent, DT or
IDMT

50/51N

Ground overcurrent, DT or
IDMT
51FF Fuse failure overcurrent
67
Phase directional overcurrent
67N DEF, communication aided
32N Power swing detection, used
to selectively permit or block
tripping

68

Power swing blocking Out of step tripping

(using PSL)
VTS Voltage transformer
supervision
CVTS Capacitive Voltage
transformer supervision

CTS Current transformer

supervision

50BF
46BC
25
79
59,27

Circuit Breaker failure

Broken conductor detection
Check synchroniser
Autorecloser
Overvoltage/Undervoltage