MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY

GLANDS
 INTRODUCTION
SOME EPITHELIAL CELLS MAY BE SPECIALIZED TO
PERFORM A SECRETORY FUNCTION.THESE TYPE OF
CELLS PRESENT SINGLY OR IN GROUPS.THE GLAND
IS LINED BY EPITHELIUM CELLS.
THE GLAND SECRETES SPECIFIC JUICES.THE GLAND
HAS FOLLOWING STRUCTURES-
1.BODY
2.NECK
THE JUICE IS STORED IN THE BODY.
 DEFINITION
THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELLS IS
SPECIALIZED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OR SECRETION OF
MACROMOLECULES

IT MAY CONSIST OF ONE CELL OR A GROUP OF HIGHLY

SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT SECRETE
SUBSTANCE INTO DUCTS,ONTO A SURFACE,OR IN TO THE
BLOOD.
CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS

FUNCTIONAL
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION

1.MULTICELLULAR 1.EXOCRINE GLANDS

Eg.sweat glands (EXTERNALLY SECRETING
 salivary glands GLAND)
Eg.mammary glands
2.UNICELLULAR
2.ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Eg.epithelial lining of intestine,respiratory,urinary,reproductive
{SECRETES DIRECTLY IN
system BLOOD)
Eg.piuitary gland
EXOCRINE GLANDS
1} UNICELLULAR
- Simple tubular
- Simple Alveolar
- Compound Tubular
- Compound Alveolar
- Compound Tuboalveolar

EXOCRINE GLANDS
1} SIMPLE:- When the gland discharge into one duct.
2} COMPOUND:- When the glands secreting by number of groups
discharge into its own duct, these ducts unite to form large duct.

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

ON THE BASIS ON INOLVEMENT OF CELLS :-

1] HOLOCRINE-ACCUMULATE SECRETORY PRODUUCT IN CYTOSOL.ex-
SEBACEOUS GLAND OF SKIN.

2]MESOCRINE:-THE SECRETORY PRODUCT AND DISCHARGE ISFROM

CELL.
ex;all endocrine gland

3]APOCRINE:ACCUMULATE SECRETORY PRODUCT AT APICAL SURFACE

OF SECRETING CELLS..EX-MAMMARY GLAND

EXOCRINE GLAND:-

1] MUCUS GLAND :-IT`S SECRETION CONTAINS MUCO-

POLYSACCARIDE. THE SECRETION CLLECTED IN APICAL

PORTION OF THE CELLS.AS A RESULT NUCLEI ARE PRESSED
ON THE BASE OF THE CELL. SO IT MAY BE FLATTEND.

2]SERROUS GLAND :-THE SECRETION OF SERROUS GLAND

ARE PROTIEN IN NATURE.THE CYTOPLASM OF THESE CELLS
IS AND NUCLEUS ARE CENTRALLY PLACED.
 EXOCRINE GLAND:-
UTARY GLA1.SEBACEOUS GLAND
2.SUDOFEROUS GLAND:-
3.CERUMENOUS GLAND
4.MAMMARY GLAND

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1.PITND
2.THYROID GLAND
3.PARATHYROID GLAND
4.ADRENAL GLAND
5.PINEAL GLAND
EXOCRINE GLANDS :-
(ex-out,kerinein-to secrete)

These glands secrets their products in ducts and the ducts carry
the secretion into body cavities and outer surface of the
body.Ex.sebaceous

Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
Ceruminous
mammary
Sebaceous Glands:-
(se-ba-shus,sebaceous=oily)

These glands connected to hair follicles.

The secretory portion of the glands lie in dermis and open into the
neck of hair follicle or directely on the skin like lips ,eyelids.
These cells absent in palm and sole.
These glands secrets an onily substance called ‘SEBUM’.
Sebum helps in prevents hair fall,driness and excessive evaporation
of water from skin.
When sebum acumulate in gland black head develops .
Sudoriferous/sweat glands:-
(soo-dor-if-er-us)
(sudor-sweat,ferre-tobear)
Sweat glands empty their secretion onto the skin surface.
The sweat gland divided into two principle types. Based on their
structure ,location ,and type of secretion .
Sweat gland:-
1}ECCRINE
2}APOCRINE


 ECCRINE SWEAT GLA ND:-
 These glands distributed in almost every part of skin
 these glands most neumrous in palm and sole.

 APOCRINE GLAND :-
 These glands located in dermis and subcutaneous layer.
 The excretory duct opens into hair follicle.
 Apocrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty and produce more viscous secretions.
 They are stimulated during emotional stress, sexual excitement and secretion are commonly known as a cold
sweat.

 CERUMINOUS GLANDS:-
 In the ear modified sweat glands called ceruminous glands, produce a waxy secretion.
 Their excretory duct open directly on to the surface of the external auditory canal(ear canal).
 The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous is called ‘cerumen’
 The cerumen provide a sticky barrier for the hair of the ear to prevent the entrance of foreign bodies.
FUNCTIONS OF GLANDS
1. Protection:- Gland protect the skin from the sun rays,
bacteria, infection, heat, cold.
2. Regulation of body temperature:- Heat is lost, evaporation of
3. Sweat .
4. Secretion –sweat,sebum,enzyme.
5. Excretion-water,salt,waste product.
6. regulation of ph-acid excretion.
Development of salivary gland
The salivary glands originate by oral ectodermal epithelium
buds invading the underlying mesenchyme.
 Salivary gland
The three types of salivary glands :-
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
It lies b/w the mastoid process and vertical ramus of mandible.
It is situated in the retromandibular fossa.
The parotid gland duct is “stenson’s duct ” about 5cm long .

Blood supply:-external carotid artery.

Nerve supply :-auriculotmporal nerve.

 Submandibular gland
It is round ,biconvex salivary gland situated anterior part of
diagastric triangle in floor of mouth.

The duct name is “warthon’s” duct. It is 5 cm long.

Blood supply:-lingual and facial branch of external carotid

artery.
Nerve supply:-submandibular ganglion.
 Sublingual gland
It arise 8th week of intra uterine life .
It is situated just lateral to the submandibular gland.
it is opening beneath the tounge.
It has 15 duct which open directly in to the floor of mouth.
It has “Bartolin’s duct”.
Blood supply:-sublingal and submental arteries.
Nerve supply:-lingual and corda typani.
 Minor salivary gland
The minor salivary glands are located beneath the epithelium
in almost all parts of the oral cavity.
These glands presents in small groups and directly open in oral
cavity.
Its function is keep the mucosa moist .
Neoplasm
Benign but seldom recurrent:-
1.wartolin’s tumor
2.oncocytoma
3.monomorphic salivary adenomas
Benign but often recurrent
1.plieomorphic adenoma
2.mycoepidermoid tumor
3.acinic cell tumorss
Malignant tumor
1.carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma
2.adenoid cyctic carcinoma
3.mucoepdermoid tumor
4.acinic cell tumor
5.sqamous carcinoma
6.adenocarcinoma
7.undifferenciated carcinoma
Parathyroid gland
Hyperparathyrodism
Hypoparathyrodism
Adrenal gland disorder
Addisons diseases
Cushings syndrome
Autoimmune disorder
Sjorgens syndrome
Mikulicz disorder
Uveoparotid fevers
In case of endocrine glands -
The gland lose all connection with the epithelium surface .

The proximal part of the diverticula form the duct system .

The distal part of the diverticula form the secretory elements.

The gland may be ectodermal (sweat,mammary)

Endodermal(pancreas,liver)
Mesodans (adrenal cortex)
Mixed (prostate)
MAMMARY GLAND:-

It is the modified sudoriferous (sweat)gland that produce milk.

These glands lies over the pectoralis major and serratous
antireor muscle.
 Development of gland

All the glands both exocrine and endocrine develops as

diverticula from the epithelium surface .
The gland may be derived from elements formed by branching
of one diverticulum (parotid) or may be formed from several
diverticulas (lacrimal ,prostate).
 the opening of duct is usually situated at the side of the site
of
Orignal out growth .
 Development of breast
Before puberty breast are rudimentry.
The full development occurs during pregnancy.
Fully developed breast consists alveoli;ductules and lactiferous
tubules.
 Examination of salivary gland
Minor salivary gland
Major salivary gland
1.parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Functional disorder :-
Sialorrhoea
Xerostomia

Obstructive diorders:-
Sialolithiasis
Mucus plug
Stricture/stenosis
-
cyst

1.mucocele
2.ranula

Asymptomatic enlargement:-
Sialosis
Allergic
Associated with malnutrition or alcoholism
Infection:-
Viral infection
Bacterial
Mycotic
Autoimmune disorders:-