THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 26, part C

Reproduction and Development

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Procreation: Delivering the Sperm to the Egg

Prevention: abstinence, barriers, surgical, & pills
Phases of Coitus (sexual intercourse or copulation)
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
Erection Reflex
CNS & spinal integration
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Procreation: Delivering the Sperm to the Egg

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 26-15: The erection reflex

Fertilization:
Union of Male & Female Chromosomes

Sperm capacitation
Swimming &
attractants
Egg contact
Penetration
Nuclear fusion
(Zygote)
Figure 26-16b: Fertilization
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fertilization:
Union of Male & Female Chromosomes

Figure 26-17: Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote

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Zygote Development: Cell Division & Implantation

Cell divisions
Blastocyst
Migration to Uterus
Implantation

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Zygote Development: Cell Division & Implantation

Figure 26-18: Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation of an ovum

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Placenta and Further Embroynic Development

Amnion
Chorion
Placenta
Exchange
Hormones
Human chorionic Gonadotropin-hCG
Progesterone
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Placenta and Further Embroynic Development

Figure 26- 19a, b: The placenta

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Birth: Parturition
Labor
Rhythmic
Uterine
Contractions
Cervical dilation
Delivery
Baby
Placenta
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Birth: Parturition

Figure 26-20: Parturition: the birth process

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regulators of Parturition
Labor onset
Stretch stimulus
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
Positive feedback
Stretch
Oxytocin
Birth ends
Stimulus
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 26-21: The positive feedback loop of parturition

Lactation: Producing and Releasing Milk

Estrogen & progesterone
Preps mammary tissues
Prolactin inhibiting H:
Prolactin milk production
(other roles in fertility)
Sucking stimulus
Oxytocin
"Milk let-down" reflex
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lactation: Producing and Releasing Milk

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 26-23: The hormonal control of milk secretion and release

Reproductive Maturation: Puberty

Increase production of sex hormones

Maturation of reproductive organs & gamete
production
20 sexual characteristics
Males: pubic hair, beard, deep voice, "wedge"
body form & muscle mass
Females: menarche, pubic hair, breasts & "pear
shape" body form
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Later in Life
Menopause: Female "Change-of Life"
Ovaries responding to GnRH
Levels of estrogen & progesterone produced
Cease egg development
"Hot flashes" , osteoporosis risk
(hormone replacement debate)
"Andropause" (?): Male changes are gradual
Sex hormones: muscle mass, libido,
erections
Viagra: PNS NO cGMP degradation
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary
Genes and hormones direct bipotential
reproductive tissues to differentiate into males or
females
Spermatogenesis is regulated by FSH & LH,
testosterone and inhibin influence on
spermatocytes, Sertoli & Leydig cells
Menstrual cycle coordinates egg maturation with
endometrium, and is regulated by GnRH, LH &
FSH estrogen, progesterone & inhibin (and
placental hCG)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Fertilization, implantation, placental nutrition,

lead to parturition (driven by oxytocin in a
positive feedback reflex)
Puberty initiates reproductive maturity,
menopause the end of it

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings