PURE SUBSTANCES

PHASES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY DATA
THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND CHARTS
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER CHARTS

Phases of Pure Substances

A pure substance is one of uniform and invariable chemical composition.
Study the properties of pure, simple compressible substances and the
relations among these properties with
Pressure
specific volume and
temperature.
Temperature and specific volume can be regarded as independent and
pressure is determined as a function of the ff:
p = p(T, v)
The graph of such a function is a surface, the pvT surface

pvT surface

p-v-T surface for substance

that expands on freezing

The coordinates of a point on the pvT surfaces

represent the values that pressure,
specific volume, and temperature would assume
when the substance is at equilibrium

p-v-T surface for substance

that contracts on freezing

pv DIAGRAM
Projecting the pvT surface onto
the pressurespecific volume plane
Useful for solving problems
note the appearance of constanttemperature lines (Isothems)
At any temperature less than the
critical temperature, pressure
remains constant liquidvapor
region
At liquid and vapor regions, the
pressure decreases at fixed
temperature as specific volume
increases

Tv DIAGRAM
Projecting the liquid, twophase liquidvapor, and vapor
regions of the pvT surface
onto the temperaturespecific
volume plane
Tv diagram is often
convenient for problem
solving.
Note the appearance of
constant-pressure lines
(isobars)

T-v for
water

Example of a Phase Change as

seen in phase diagrams
A closed system consisting of a
unit mass (1 kg) of liquid water
at 20oC contained within a
pistoncylinder assembly

Liquid State
(single phase)
As the system is heated.
at constant pressure, the
temperature increases
specific volume
increases slightly.
Continues heating will
bring the state
eventually to point f.
Liquid state is from
state point 1 to state
point 2.

also referred to as subcooled liquid states

because the temperature is less than the
saturation temperature
also referred to as compressed liquid states
because the pressure is higher than the saturation
pressure

Liquid-Vapor
State
(two
Additional heat
transfer at
phase)
fixed pressure results in
the formation of vapor

Constant temperature
Increase in specific
volume.
mixture of liquid and vapor
exists in equilibrium in any
point between f and g
the liquid phase is a
saturated liquid
the vapor phase is a
saturated vapor
Point G is when all liquid is
turned into vapor

the ratio of the

mass of vapor
present to the total
mass of the
mixture is its
quality, x

VAPOR
STATES
the system is at the

saturated vapor state

point g

Further heating at fixed

pressure
Increase temperature
and
Increase specific
volume
This is represented as
sate point s.

Referred also as superheated vapor state

because the system would be at a temperature
greater than the
saturation temperature

Retrieving Thermodynamic
Properties using Tables and
Charts
Thermodynamic property data can be retrieved in various ways,
including tables, graphs, equations, and computer software.

The emphasis is on the use of tables of thermodynamic properties

Objective
Learn the skills in the use of thermodynamic tables to retrieve
thermodynamic properties
to locate states on property diagrams

VAPOR AND LIQUID TABLES

Water vapor are listed in Tables A-4
Liquid water in Tables A-5.

Example

SATURATION TABLES
The saturation tables, Tables A-2 and A-3, list property values for
the saturated liquid and vapor states
Table A-2 is called the temperature table, because temperatures are
listed in the first column in convenient increments.
The second column gives the corresponding saturation pressures.
The next two columns give, respectively, the specific volume of
saturated liquid, vf, and the specific volume of saturated vapor,
vg.
The quality x cis incorporated to the values of vg and vf through the
following equation

Example
Consider a system consisting of a two-phase liquidvapor mixture of
water at 100oC and a quality of 0.9. What is the specific volume of this
liquid vapor micture?