Internetworking

Devices
Chapter 10

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Chapter Objectives

Explain repeater
Discuss the working of a bridge and its types
Explain the working and features of routers
Explain the operation of hubs and hub configurations
Discuss the working of switch and different switching methods
Explain gateway
Describe multi-protocol routers, brouters and layer 3 switches
Explain routing protocols
Troubleshoot different networking devices

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Recall - I

Internet Protocol (IP) address is a 32 bit unique

address used by computers for communication.
Classful IP addressing and Classless IP addressing
are types of IP addressing.
List of classful IP addresses are:
Class A address
Class B address
Class C address
Class D address
Class E address

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Recall - II

Special addresses are IP addresses which are

never used on the public internet. They are
Private addresses
Loop-back addresses
Link-local addresses
Mobile IP protocol allows mobile device users to
move from one network to another while maintaining
their permanent IP address.

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Introducing Network
Elements
Networking devices interconnects networks

Manage data flow and network traffic

Networking
Devices

Repeaters

Hubs

Release 16/7/2009

Bridges

Switches

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Routers

Gateways

Other
Devices

Show Repeater through CBT

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Hubs - I

Simplest and low cost device

Also known as Multi-port Repeater
Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater
Data transfer to all the ports
Hub types:

Active hub Provides signal regeneration

Passive hub No signal regeneration
Intelligent hub Provides management of each port

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Operation of Hub

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Hubs Configurations

Hub configurations can be used to expand

networks.
Hub
Configurations

Standalone

Release 16/7/2009

Stackable

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Modular

Bridges - I

Layer 2 devices
as it works at
Data Link Layer
of the OSI model
Interconnect
multiple LANs
and manages
data flow

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Working of bridge through

CBT

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Bridges - III

Capable of passing a frame

Check Physical address
Pass frame to the specified segment
Perform error checking on the frame
Bridges

Transparent
Bridge
Release 16/7/2009

Translational
Bridge

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Source-route
Bridge

Types of Bridge

Transparent Bridge common in ethernet

network
Translational bridge used to connect two
different network such as ethernet and token
ring
Source-route Bridge found in token ring
technology

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Bridges - IV

Features
Easy to use as just plug in device
Helps in network expansion
Divides large network into small segments
Used for increasing network reliability
Disadvantages
Frames are buffered so provides network delay
During high traffic may overload network
Does not filter broadcast packets
Expensive than Repeaters

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Switches

Provide signal flow management

Replace slower hub
Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address
for data transfer
Data transfer to specific port
Switching
Methods
Cut-through
Method

Release 16/7/2009

Store & Forward

Method
Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Fragment-Free
Method

Multispeed Switches

Having number of ports such as 100 Base T

and one or two gigabit ports
Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at
that speed is called auto sensing
Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred to
as 10/100/1000 port

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Routers - I

Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model

Can connect nearer or far network segments

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Routers - II

Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments

Having LAN and WAN ports
WAN port connects to regular phone line or
more advanced telephone connection like
ISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem
Route the packets seeing the IP address
stored in the packet
Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Routers - III

Decide the best route with the help of network layer

address
Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of
packet
For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm
Router types:

Static router Routing tables are manually configured

Dynamic router Routing tables are automatically
configured

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Routing Protocols - I
Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost to
find the best path
An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups and
routers which are managed by a single organisation

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Gateways - I

Operate at all layers of the OSI model

Act as gate to other networks
A default gateway is on the same subnet as your
computer
Gateway
Types

Address
Gateway
Release 16/7/2009

Protocol
Gateway

Application
Gateway

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Transport
Gateway

Gateways - II

Address Gateway Interconnects same protocol

networks
Protocol Gateway Interconnects different protocol
networks
Application Gateway Connects two parts of
applications
Transport Gateway Connects networks at
transport layer

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Other Devices - I
Other
Devices

Multi-Protocol
Routers

Brouters

Layer 3
Switches

Multi-protocol router supports multiple

communication protocols
Like router, it operates at Network Layer

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Other Devices - II

Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and

Router
Works at two layers, Data Link and Network
Can operate only as bridge or only as router
High performance switch operating at network layer
is Layer 3 Switch

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - I

Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regenerates

the signal
Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devices as they
operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model
A multi-port repeater is known as Hub
Hubs are of three types, active hub, passive hub
and intelligent hub
Active hub regenerates the signal before passing
and Passive hub does not regenerate signal
Types of bridges are Transparent bridge,
Translational bridge and Source-route bridge

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - II

Switch filters and forwards data to the destination

Switch uses cut through, store and forward or
fragment free method for switching
A router is an intelligent device which functions at
the Network layer
Router is capable of connecting many network
segments even though the segments are far
Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic
router
The Netstsat and Route Print commands are used
to view the routing table

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - III

Routing algorithms are used by the routing protocols

to determine the next port to which the packet is to be
sent
Routing protocols are of two types, interior and
exterior
RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are interior routing
protocols and BGP is an exterior routing protocol
OSPF and IS-IS uses Link state algorithm
BGP uses path vector routing

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - IV

Gateway is a networking device which converts data

format and not actual data
Backbone is a segment that connects other
segments
Multi-protocol routers support more than one
communication protocols and works at network layer
Brouter provides combinational functions of a bridge
and a router
As name suggests Layer 3 switch operates at layer
3 i.e. network layer of the OSI model

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.