ORA000008 ATM Principle

(BSS)
ISSUE 3.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be familiar with:

ATM theory & concepts

ATM cell format

Protocol stack of ATM especially AAL2 and AAL5 processing

Application of ATM in a CDMA2000 System

Course Outline
Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA
Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a high-speed, low

delay

multiplexing and switching network to any

type of

user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video

applications.

What is ATM?
ATM

for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not

Automatic Teller Machine!).

ATM

is a technology that has transport, switching, network

management, and customer services built into it right from the start.
In

general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length

packets called cells.

A

technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet

switch.
ATM

can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or

video service.

ATM Overview

5-Bytes
Header

48-Bytes
Payload

53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell

header+48Bytes payload.
ATM must set up virtual connection before
communication.

Contract

ATM network will confer with terminal on

parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.

ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport

Connectionless & Connection-oriented

Connection-oriented : All packets
are transferred from the same
route , so the receiving order of
packets depends on the sending
order. Time delay is fixed.

p
Setu
p
u
t
Se

p
Setu

Connectionless: Every packet is

transferred from different routes, so
the receiving order of packets
doesnt possibly depend on the
sending order.

Setu
p

Traditional Switch Models Characteristic

Circuit Switching
Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed
High-speed switching
Fixed rate
Packet

Switching

Support multi-rate switching

Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth
Time delay is not fixed

ATM Switch Models Characteristic

Any users cell will not be send periodically, and

bandwidth will be shared and
statistically
multiplexed.

Many types of service can be transferred in the

same time and Quality of Service is supported in
an ATM network.

Fixed length cell, so switch can be controlled by

hardware and high-speed switching is easy to be
realized.

ATMs Advantage
Integration

of various services such as voice, image, video, data

and multimedia.
Standardization

of network structures and components. This

results in cost savings for network providers.

Transmission

that is independent of the medium used PDH, SDH,

SONET and other media can be used to transport ATM cells.

ATM

is scaleable, i.e. the bandwidth can be adapted extremely

flexibly to meet user requirements.

Guaranteed

transmission quality to match the service required by

the user (quality of service, QoS).

ATMs Application
In

In

In

Switching:
Traditional Exchange is evolving into Broadband
Exchange by ATMs application

Transmission:
ATM virtual path exchange
Add/Drop Multiplexer

node

and ATM

Internet:
ATM router applied in IP Switching, Multi-Protocol
Label Switching

Course Outline
Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA
Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

ATM Network Model

UNI

NNI

NNI

UNI

NNI

NNI
PNNI
PNNI
ICI
UNI

Other
Network

NNI
NNI

NNI Network Node Interface

UNI User Node Interface
ICI Inter-carrier Interface
PNNI Private Network Node
Interface

NNI

ATM Cell

ATM Cell

GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus system
at the user interface and is not used at the moment.

VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the
addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.

VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section
between switching centers or between the switching center and the subscriber.

PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information
field.

CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially

deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.

HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some extent,
correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to
synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

VP and VC
Why two fields?

think VPI as a bundle of virtual

channels. (256 VPI on one link)

the individual virtual channels have

unique VCIs. The VCI values may
be reused in each virtual path.

ATM Cell Switching

ATM Network Node
User B

ATM Terminal
Cell and users
VPI=2 VCI=37
data change
each other
UNI

VPI=1 VCI=51

Port 1

ATM Switch

Port 2

Port
1
2

VPI
2
1

VCI
37
51

NNI

ATM Network Node

User A

Port 1

ATM Switch

Port 2

Port
1
2

ATM Terminal
Cell and users
UNI
data change
VPI=3 VCI=39
each other

VPI
1
3

VCI
51
39

ATM Connections

ATM Virtual Connection

UNI cell
VPI =1
VCI =1

Port

VPI

VCI

26

44
1

3
2

NNI cell
VPI =26
VCI =44
3
1

Port

VPI

VCI

26

44

44

UNI cell
VPI =20
VCI =30
3

NNI cell
VPI =2
VCI =44

NNI cell
VPI =6
VCI =44
3

Port

VPI

VCI

44

20

30

ATM Virtual Connection

Port

VPI

VCI

44

44

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up

in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set
up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called
Virtual Connection.

Signaling In ATM

Permanent Virtual Channel (PVC):

The connections are analogous to leased lines that are switched between
certain users. A change can only be made by the network provider. This
type of ATM network often forms the initial stage in the introduction of this
technology.

Switch Virtual Channel (SVC):

Users connected to this type of network can set
up a connection to the user of their own choice by means of signaling
procedures. This can be compared with the process of dialing a
telephone number.

Types of ATM Virtual Connection

According to the switching mode, ATM
Virtual Connection can be classified :

VPC (Virtual Path Connection)

VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)

According to connection establishment, ATM

Virtual Connection can be classified:

SVC(Switching Virtual Connection)

PVC(Permanent Virtual Connection)

VPC and VCC

ATM terminal A

VCC
VPC

UNI cell

E
UNI cell

UNI cell

ATM network node G

NNI cell

NNI cell

VC
switching

VP
switching
VCC

VC
switching

UNI cell

For example: When E receives cells from A or B, which would be

transferred to C or D, the VPI of these cells would be set to
uniform value in E. These cells would be received by G and
switched to F by VP switching. Then the cells will be delivered to
C or D at F. It means that VPC has been set up between E and F,
while VCC has been set up among A, B, C and D.

Course Outline
Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA
Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

Features of ATM
Voice
Data
Cells

Video

Connection oriented
Fast packet switching
Statistical multiplexer
Supports voice, data and video service
Provides QoS

ATM Protocol Structure Model

Call connection
and Control

User information Flow

Control and Error Recovery
Interface Management
Layer Management

Control interface
Service and signaling
of user
Information of user
and cell conversion
Cell exchange and
multiplexing or
demultiplexing

Frame structure
physical medium

User interface

USER

USER

SAAL

AAL

ATM Layer

Physical Layer

Independent
management
of every layer

Impartible
management
of all layer

Three Communications Planes

The user plane transports the user data for an application. It

uses the physical, ATM and ATM adaptation layers to do this.

The control plane takes care of establishing, maintaining and

clearing down user connections in the user plane. The key word
here is signaling.

The management plane includes layer management and plane

management. Layer management monitors and coordinates the
individual layer tasks. Plane management handles monitoring
and coordination tasks in the network.

ATM Sublayer Model

ATM Protocol Stack Model
User
CS
Interface
manage
ment

SAR

AAL

OSI Reference Model

7 Application
6 Presentation
5

ATM

Session

4 Transport
3

Network

Data link

Physical

TC

PHY
PMD

Function of ATM Physical Layer

Two sublayers:
AAL

Transmission Convergence Sublayer

(TC)

ATM

PHY

transmission frame generation/recovery

Processing HEC
cell delimiting
transmission frame adaptation

Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer

(PMD)

Link coding
Network physical medium

Function of ATM Layer

AAL
ATM
PHY

Cell switch

Quality of Service

Processing the cell header

Types of payload

Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of
different connection cell

Function of AAL layer

AAL
ATM
PHY

Support services for user

Segment and reassemble

Complete the change between

User-PDU and ATM payload

Function of ATM AAL Overview

Function of ATM AAL:
Constant
Bit Rate

Data Variable
Bursts Bit Rate

Provide a high-speed,
low delay multiplexing
AAL SDU

and switching network

ATM Payload
ATM Cell

to support any type of

Multiplexing

voice, data,or video

user service, such as

applications.

Types of AAL
Service type
Bit rate
Real time
Connection mode
AAL

constant variable variable variable

YES

YES

NO

Connection oriented
AAL1

AAL2

AAL3/4

NO
connectionless

AAL5

In order to support different types of user services, there are

five types of AAL.
In Huaweis BSS, voice is transferred over AAL2 and rest
signals are transferred over AAL5.

Logic Structure of AAL Layer

AAL-SAP

CS sublayer
Provide service to upper layer
at AAL-SAP.

AAL-PDU
SSCS-PDU

CPCS-SDU

CPCS
CPCS-PDU

AAL layer

SSCS

The concrete function is

depending on the service type.
CS can be further divided into
SSCS and CPCS.

SAR-SDU

SAR
SAR-PDU
ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU

ATM layer

SAR sublayer:
Chop CCS-PDU into ATM
payload with size of 48 bytes or
assemble ATM payload into
CPCS-PDU.

AAL2 Structure
AAL-SAP
AAL-PDU
SSCS-PDU

CPS-SDU

CPCS

AAL layer

SSCS

AAL2 contains two sub-layer, CPS

and SSCS.

CPS-PDU

ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU

ATM layer

The function of SAR is performed

by CPS, SAR sub-layer is null
For AAL2 CPS is changeless no
matter which type of service is. But
it is different for SSCS. Sometimes
SSCS maybe null.

AAL2 Process
AAL-SAP

SSCS

AAL-SDU

SSCS-PDU Header

SSCS-PDU
SSCS-PDU Tail
Payload
SSCS-PDU
45Bit Max

CPS-PH
CPS-Packet
1#

CID

CPS-PP

1#

STF

876543218765432187654321

CPS-SDU

CPS

2#

CPS-Packet
CPS-Packet

STF

CPS-Packet C

CPS-PDU
ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU
ATM-Header

ATM Payload

UUI HEC

CPS-PH
87654321

3#

CPS-Packet CPS-Packet
2#

LI

OSF
3#

STF

AAL
Layer
SN

STF PS-Packet PAD

CPS-PDU
Payload 47 Bit

ATM
Layer

AAL5 Structure
AAL-SAP
AAL-PDU
SSCS-PDU

CPCS-SDU

CS sublayer is further divided

into SSCS and CPCS.

CPCS
CPCS-PDU

AAL layer

SSCS

AAL5 contains two sub-layers,

CS and SAR sublayer.

SAR-SDU

SAR
SAR-PDU
ATM-SAP
ATM-SDU

ATM layer

In order to enhance the effect

of AAL3/4, CPCS and SAR are
appropriately simplified. AAL5
doesnt support multi-user
multiplexing mode.

AAL5 Process
AAL-SAP
8 1 8 116

CPCS

UU CPI Length

AAL-SDU
CPS-PDU Payload

CRC

PAD CPS-PDU Tail

PAD

CPS-PDU N48 Bytes

SAR
SAR-PDU #1

132

047Bits

AAL
Layer

SAR-SDU
SAR-PDU #2

SAR-PDU #3

SAR-PDU #4

ATM-SAP
3

ATM-SDU #1 Cell #1

1
AUU

ATM-SDU #2 Cell #2
:ATM Header (AUU=0)

2
PTI

ATM-SDU #3 Cell #3

:ATM Header (AUU=1)

ATM-SDU #4 Cell #4
ATM Payload

ATM
Layer

Service Types of ATM layer

CBR (Constant bit rate)

VBR-RT (Variable bit rate-real time)

VBR-NRT (VBR-non real time)

UBR (Unspecified bit rate)

ABR (Available bit rate)

ATM Service Categories

CBR Service
Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

PCR

low

high

Cell loss
Cell delay and cell delay variation

Voice and video

VBR Service

Traffic parameter

PCR
SCR

QoS
Tolerance

LOW

MBS
Cell lose (RT)

Voice and video

HIGH

Cell lose
(NRT)

UBR Service

Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

No QoS

low

high

Cell relay variation

Cell lose

WAN

ABR Service
Traffic parameter

QoS
Tolerance

PCR

low

high

MCR
Cell loss

Cell delay variation

Overhead
5 Byte
Header
48 Byte
Payload

No cell
overhead
Uses
congestion
feedback
instead

LAN

ATM Service Categories and their

Parameters

ATM Service Categories and Applications

Communication Contract
Contract

Contract

ATM network
Communication
Service

Contract

Types
Parameter of Flow
Parameter of QoS

Service type in CDMA2000 BSS System

Variable

bit rate real time( VBR-RT), such as voice

service in CDMA2000 BSS System. It is realized by

AAL2.

Variable

bit rate non real time (VBR-NRT), such as

signaling and other service in CDMA2000 BSS System.

It is realized by AAL5.

Course Outline
Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA
Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

IPOA Protocal Stack

User application

User application

TCP/UDP

TCP/UDP

IP

IP

AAL
ATM

IP packet is transferred to
ATM Payload
IP address is mapped to PVC
or SVC

AAL
ATM

ATM network Physical layer

TCP/IP Process
TCP

TCP Header App Data

IP

IP Header TCP header App Data

SNAP/LLC
CS

LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data

LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data

PAD CPCS-PDU Tail

AAL5
SAR SAR-SDU#1

ATM
PHY

SAR-SDU#2

SAR-SDU#3

SAR-PDU#4

SAR-PDU#5

Cell header will be added to SAR-PDU, whose VPI and VCI depends on
the map table of IP address to PVC/SVC. Then ,the cells will be sent to
Physical Layer.
Perform the transmission of ATM cells via physical media.

INARP in IPOANetwork Model SVC

mode

ATM Network

ARP Server

Ethernet

Router
WAN

INARP in IPOANetwork Model PVC

mode

ATM Network

Ethernet

Router
WAN

INARP in IPOAPVC Mode

Any IPOA terminal that wants to communicate with other terminal
must know the destination IP address. But how to know the IP address?
PVC connecting the source and destination terminals should be set up
first. For example: Terminal A must set up a PVC to B in order to know
the IP address of B.
ATM Network

PVC

Terminal A IP:192 .168 .1 .1

Terminal B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

ARP in IPOAPVC Mode

Terminal A will send InvATMARP information to request remote IPOA
client s (such as computer B) IP address. So does computer B.
ATM Network
InvATMARP

PVC
InvATMARP

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1

Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI

VCI

IP Address

VPI

VCI

IP Address

33

...

33

...

XX

YY

...

ZZ

YY

...

ARP in IPOAPVC Mode

Thereby, A and B establish the map table of IP address to PVC. Similarly, all
the IPs of the computers that answered the InvATMARP will be set to the
map table.
ATM Network
ACK

PVC
ACK

Computer A IP:192 .168 .1 .1

Computer B IP:192 .168 .1 .2

VPI

VCI

IP Address

VPI

VCI

IP Address

33

192 .168 .1.2

33

192 .168 .1.1

XX

YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

ZZ

YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

ARP in IPOAPVC Mode

For example: A will transfer a IP packet to B, and the IP packet
will be changed to AAL-PDUs first. When ATM layer receives AALPDU,it can find the PVC by map table and set VPI/VCI of ATM cell.
Thereby, cells could be transferred to B by ATM network.
ATM Network
ATM cell stream

Computer A IP:192.168.1.1

PVC

ATM cell stream

Computer B IP:192.168.1.2

VPI

VCI

IP Address

VPI

VCI

IP Address

33

192 .168 .1.2

33

192 .168 .1.1

XX

YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

ZZ

YY xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx

Course Outline

Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of ATM
Chapter 3 ATM Protocol & Service Type
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts of IPOA
Chapter 5 ATM in CDMA2000 BSS

ATM in CDMA2000 BSS system Large

Capacity Configuration
BTS baseband frame
service/ signal-in-band
AAL2
maintenance / signal-out-band
AAL5

Abis interface:
signal-in-band/service AAL2
signal-out-band /maintenance AAL5 IPOA
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.

BTS
Optical fiber or
several E1
cables

Ethernet
cable
Integrated
Management
Subrack (BAM)

MSC

Optic
fiber

Resource
Optic
Management &
Packet Processing fiber
Subrack (CRPS)
BSC inside
Voice AAL2
signal/data service:AAL5
maintenance AAL5 IPOA

Connected to

Integrated
Processing
Subrack (CIPS)

Switch
Subrack
Optic
fiber

Data Service
Processing
Subrack (CPMS)

GPS/Glonass
receiver

cBSC

Connected to
PDSN

ATM in CDMA2000 BSS System Small

Capacity Configuration
BTS baseband frame
service/ signal-in-band
AAL2
maintenance / signal-out-band
AAL5

Abis interface:
signal-in-band/service AAL2
signal-out-band /maintenance AAL5 IPOA
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables,
IMA mode will be adopted to transfer ATM cells.
Integrated
Processing
Subrack

BTS

cBSC

Connected
to MSC

several E1
cables
Ethernet
cable
BSC inside
Voice AAL2
signal/data service:AAL5
maintenance AAL5 IPOA

Integrated
Management
Subrack
(BAM)

several E1
cables or
Optic fiber

Resource &
Packet
Subrack

LAN

GPS/Glonass
Receiver

Connected to
PDSN

IMA Mode
If Abis interface is connected with several E1 cables, IMA mode
will be adopted to transfer ATM cells. In this way, cells of high speed
ATM link could be transferred on several low speed physical links.

IMA Group

ATM Layer

PHY

PHY

PHY

Physical Link #0

Physical Link #1

Physical Link #2

Virtual ATM Link

PHY

PHY

PHY

IMA Group

ATM Layer

Summary
ATM

Basics

ATM switching is cell switching,it has advantage

of circuit switch and packet switch, connection
oriented .

ATM cell:53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell

header+48Bytes payload

ATM

switching

ATM switching has two types:VP and VC switch.

As a rule: only VPI has been changed in VP
switch,Both VCI and VPI have been changed in
VC switch. VPI and VCI is only of effect between
the two ATM physical nodes.

Questions

State

ATM application in CDMA2000 BSS

system?

What

is the difference between SVC and

PVC?
What

is the difference between VP switch and

VC switch?