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Substances in
Industry
Contents
9.1Manufacture of
Sulphuric Acid
Manufactu
re of
fertilisers
Manufactu
re of
detergents
Manufactu
re of
synthetic
fibres
THE
USES OF
SULPHU
RIC ACID
Manufactu
re of
paints and
dyes
Lead-acid
accumulat
or
Manufacture of fertiliser
Manufacture of detergent
Lead-acid accumulator
Sulphur
Sulphur
dioxide
Sulphur
trioxide
Sulphuri
c acid
Stage 1 :
Production of sulphur dioxide
SO2
Stage 2 :
Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, SO3
-Sulphur dioxide air is dried and purified before being added to dry air to
produce SO3 gas
-Sulphur dioxide & dry oxygen are passed through a converter
Catalyst= Vanadium Oxide, V2O5
Temperature= 450C- 550C
Pressure= one atmosphere
Stage 3 :
Production of sulphuric acid
H2S2O7
2H2SO4
Acid Rain
Coughing
Corrodes
concrete
buildings and
metal
structures
Chest pains
Destroys
trees and
plants
Shortness of
breath
Decreases the
PH of the soil
9.2- Manufacture of
Ammonia and its Salt
Ammoniais acompoundofnitrogenandhydrogenwith
theformulaNH3.
Manufacture
of
electrolytes
in dry cells
Manufactur
e of
cleaning
agents
Manufactu
re of
explosives
Uses of
Ammon
ia
Manufactur
e of
nitrogenous
fertilisers
Manufactur
e of nitric
acid
Manufactur
e of
cleaning
agents
Very soluble in
water
Manufacture
of cleaning
agents
Produces
thick white
fumes with
hydrogen
chloride ,
HCl , gas
Properties of
Ammonia ,
NH3
Colourless
gas
Pungent smell
Less dense
than air
Has
characteristic
s of weak
alkali when
dissolved in
water
Manufacture of Ammonia
Manufacture of ammonia
Ammonia is manufactured in industries through Harber
Process. This process combines nitrogen gas from the air with
hydrogen gas to form ammonia. They are mixed in the mol
or volume ratio of 1 to 3 (1:3).
N2(g)+ 3H2(g)
2NH3
9.3- Alloys
Ductili
ty
Properti
es Of
Pure
Metal
Malleabili
ty
One or more
foreign elements
are added to
molten metal.
As alloy
hardens, the
position of some
metal atoms are
replaced by
atoms of foreign
elements.
These atoms of
different sizes
disrupt the
orderly
arrangement of
the metal
atoms.
Hence, the
layers of metal
atoms are
prevented from
sliding over
each other
easily.
Aims of alloying
To
increase
strength
and
hardness
To
prevent
corrosion
Aims
of
alloyi
ng
To
improve
the
appearan
ce
Uses of Alloy
Bronze
~ To make
medals
Steel
~ To make
bridges ,
vehicles ,
building
skeletons.
Duralumin
~To make
the body of
airplanes
Uses
of
Alloy
Stainless
steel
~~To make
kitchen
utensils
Brass
~To make
keys ,
musical
instruments
Copper
nickel
~To make
coins
9.4-Synthetic
Polymers and their
Uses
Polym
er
Polumeros
-Greek
-having many
parts
Polymerisat
ion
- Chemical
process
-Monomers are
joined together to
form polymer
Naturall
y
Occurrin
g
Polymer
s
Macromolecu
le/large
molecule
Synthe
tic
Polyme
rs
-consists of monomers
known as glucose
-in latex
-consists of monomers
known as isoprene
Synthetic Polymers
Plastics
Synthet
ic fibres
Elastom
ers
Thermoplastic is a
polymer which
becomes soft when
subjected to heat.
Long chained
polymers that
withstand
stretching
Light , Strong ,
Inert to
chemicals ,
Insulators of
electricity and
heat
Nylon : Used to
make ropes ,
fishing lines.
Eg : Neoprene,
Styreneburadiene
rubber (SBR)
Eg : Polythene,
Polyvinylchlori
de,Polypropen
e.
Terylene : Used to
make clothing,
sleeping bags
Strong and
light
Can be made
to have
special
properties
Easily
moulded or
shaped and
be coloured
Advantag
es of
Synthetic
Polymers
.
Inert to
chemical
reactions
Cheap
Able to resist
corrosion
Polluti
on
Proble
ms
disposal problem.
-Blockage of drainage systems and rivers
(Flash floods)
- Breeding grounds for mosquitoes (Dengue)
- Aquatic animals die from choking
- Open burning of polymers cause air
pollution
Caused
Method
s
to
Overco
me
9.5-The Uses of
Glass and
Ceramics
Types of glass:
> Fused glass
> Soda lime glass
>Borosilicate glass
>Lead glass
Ceramic
Examples of
ceramic:
>Tiles
>Cement
>Bricks
>Porcelain
Properties
Chemical
Composition
Example of uses
Fused glass
SiO2 99%,
B2O3 - 1%
Scientific apparatus
like lenses on,
spectrometer,
Optical lenses,
Laboratory
apparatus
SiO2 70%
Na2O 15%,
CaO 10%
Others 4%
Glass containers
Glass panes
Mirrors
Lamps and bulbs
Plates and bowls
Bottles
Name of glass
Borosilicate glass
Properties
Chemical
composition
-Resistant to high
heat and chemical
reaction
SiO2 80%
B2O3 13%
Na2O 4%
AI203 2%
Example of Uses
Glass apparatus
in laboratories
Cooking utensils
SiO2 70%
Na2O 20%
PbO 10%
Containers for
drinks and fruit
Decorative glass
and lamps,
Crystal glassware
Lenses for
spectacles
Photochromic Glass
~very sensitive to light.
~darkens in the presence of bright
light and lightens when the
amount of sunlight lessens.
Conductive Glass
~a type of glass which can conduct
electricity.
~obtained by coating a thin layer
of a conducting material around
the glass, usually indium tin(IV)
oxide.
~used in the making of Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD)
Improv
ed
Cerami
cs
Superconductors
~zero electrical resistance.
~minimises the loss of electrical energy
through heat.
~Yttrium barium copper oxide is a type of
ceramic superconductor
~used to make magnets which are light but
thousands of times stronger than the normal
magnet.
Conductive Glass
~a type of glass which can conduct electricity.
~obtained by coating a thin layer of a conducting
material around the glass, usually indium tin(IV)
oxide.
~used in the making of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
DIFFERENCES
Ceramic
Transparent
Optical Transparency
Opaque
Moulding
Melting point
SIMMILARITIES
Component
Properties of
component
Properties of
composite
Uses of
composites
Reinforced
concrete
Concrete
Hard but
brittle,with low
tensile strength
Steel
Stronger,higher
tensile
strength,not so
brittle,does not
corrode
easily,can
withstand higher
applied forces
and
loads,cheaper
Construction of
framework for
highways,bridge
s
and high-rise
buildings
Composite
material
Supercondoctor
Fibre optics
Component
Copper
(II)oxide,yttrium
oxide and barium
oxide
Glass of low
refractive index
Glass of higher
refractive index
Properties of
component
Insulators of
electricity
Properties of
composite
Conducts
electricity
without
resistance
when cooled by
liquid nitrogen
Uses of
composites
To make more
efficient
generators,transfo
rmers,electric
cable and
amplifiers
Transparent,
does not reflect
light rays
Reflect light
rays and allow
light rays to
travel along the
fibre
Transmit data in
the form of light in
telecommunicatio
n
Composite
Material
Component
Fibre glass
Glass
Polyester plastic
Photochromic glass
Glass
Silver chloride or
Silver bromide
Properties of
component
Properties of
composite
Uses of
composites
Light,flexible,elastic Light,strong,tough,re
Water and food
but weak and
silient and
storage
inflammable
flexible,with high
containers,boats,swi
tensile strength,not
mming pool linings
inflammable
Transparent and not
sensitive to light
Sensitive to light
Sensitive to
light:darkens when
light intensity is
high,becomes clear
when light intensity
is low
Photochromic
optical lens,car
windshields,optical
switchesinformation
display panels
9.7-Appreaciating
Various Synthetic
Industrial Materials
A responsible and
systematic method of
handling these waste is
important to prevent
environmental pollution.