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FIGURE 21-1 A spark tester looks like a regular spark plug with an alligator clip attached
to the shell. This tester has a specified gap that requires at least 25,000 volts (25 kV) to
fire.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-2 A close-up showing the recessed center electrode on a spark tester. It is
recessed 3/8 in. into the shell and the spark must then jump another 3/8 in. to the shell
for a total gap of 3/4 in.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-7 (a) The low-resolution signal has the same number of pulses as the engine
has cylinders. (b) A dual-trace pattern showing both the low-resolution signal and the highresolution signals that usually represent 1 degree of rotation. (Courtesy of Fluke
Corporation)
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-8 A track inside an ignition coil is not a short, but rather a low-resistance path or
hole that has been burned through from the secondary wiring to the steel core.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIRING ORDER
Firing order means the
order that the spark is
distributed to the correct
spark plug at the right time.
The firing order of an
engine is determined by
crankshaft and camshaft
design.
The firing order is
determined by the location
of the spark plug wires in
the distributor cap of an
engine equipped with a
distributor.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-12 Note where the high-voltage spark jumped through the plastic
rotor to arc into the distributor shaft. Always check for a defective spark plug(s)
when a defective distributor cap or rotor is discovered. If a spark cannot jump to
a spark plug, it tries to find a ground path wherever it can.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-14
Corroded terminals on
a waste-spark coil can
cause misfire
diagnostic trouble
codes to be set.
FIGURE 21-15 This spark plug boot on an overhead camshaft engine has been
arcing to the valve cover causing a misfire to occur.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-16 Measuring the resistance of a spark plug wire with a multimeter set to
the ohms position. The reading of 16.03 k(16.030 ohms) is okay because the wire is
about 2 feet long. Maximum allowable resistance for a spark plug wire this long would
be 20 k(20,000 ohms).
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-17 Spark plug wire boot pliers are a handy addition to any toolbox.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-18 Always take the time to install spark plug wires back into
the original holding brackets (wiring combs).
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-19 When removing spark plugs, it is wise to arrange them so that they
can be compared and any problem can be identified with a particular cylinder.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-20 A spark plug thread chaser is a low-cost tool that hopefully will not
be used often, but is necessary to clean the threads before new spark plugs are
installed.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-21 Since 1991, General Motors engines have been equipped with slightly
(1/8 in. or 3 mm) longer spark plugs. This requires that a longer spark plug socket should
be used to prevent the possibility of cracking a spark plug during installation. The longer
socket is shown next to a normal 5/8 in. spark plug socket.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-23 Spark plug removed from an engine after a 500-mile race. Note the clipped
side (ground) electrode. The electrode design and narrow (0.025 in.) gap are used to ensure
that a spark occurs during extremely high engine speed operation. The color and condition of
the spark plug indicate that near-perfect combustion has been occurring.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-24 Typical worn spark plug. Notice the rounded center electrode.
The deposits indicate a possible oil usage problem.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-25 New spark plug that was fouled by a too-rich air-fuel mixture. The
engine from which this spark plug came had a defective (stuck partially open)
injector on this one cylinder only.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
IGNITION TIMING
Generally, for testing,
engines must be at idle with
computer engine controls
put into base timing, the
timing of the spark before
the computer advances the
timing.
Pretiming Checks
Timing Light Connections
Determining Cylinder 1
Checking or Adjusting
Ignition Timing
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
IGNITION TIMING
IGNITION TIMING
FIGURE 21-29 (a) Typical SPOUT connector as used on many Ford engines equipped with
distributor ignition (DI). (b) The connector must be opened (disconnected) to check and/or
adjust the ignition timing. On DIS/EDIS systems, the connector is called SPOUT/SAW
(spark output/spark angle word).
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
Firing Line
Spark Line
Intermediate Oscillations
Transistor-On Point
Dwell Section
Pattern Selection
Superimposed.
Raster (stacked).
Display (parade).
FIGURE 21-30 Typical engine analyzer hookup that includes a scope display. (1)
Coil wire on top of the distributor cap if integral type of coil; (2) number 1 spark
plug connection; (3) negative side of the ignition coil; (4) ground (negative)
connection of the battery.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-35 Typical secondary ignition pattern. Note the lack of firing
lines on the superimposed pattern.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-36 Raster is the best scope position to view the spark lines of all the
cylinders to check for differences. Most scopes display cylinder 1 at the bottom.
The other cylinders are positioned by firing order above cylinder 1.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
FIGURE 21-37 Display is the only position to view the firing lines of all cylinders.
Cylinder 1 is displayed on the left (except for its firing line, which is shown on the
right). The cylinders are displayed from left to right by firing order.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
SUMMARY
1. A thorough visual inspection should be performed
on all ignition components when diagnosing an
engine performance problem.
2. Platinum spark plugs should not be regapped after
use in an engine.
3. A secondary ignition scope pattern includes a firing
line, spark line, intermediate oscillations, and
transistor-on and transistor-off points.
4. The slope of the spark line can indicate incorrect
air-fuel ratio or other engine problems.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why should a spark tester be used to check for
spark rather than a standard spark plug?
2. How do you test a pickup coil for resistance and
AC voltage output?
3. What harm can occur if the engine is cranked or
run with an open (defective) spark plug wire?
4. What are the sections of a secondary ignition
scope pattern?
5. What can the slope of the spark line indicate about
the engine?
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
CHAPTER QUIZ
1. Technician A says that the firing line shows the
voltage that is required to fire the spark plug.
Technician B says that spark line shows the
duration of the spark inside the cylinder. Which
technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
1. Technician A says that the firing line shows the
voltage that is required to fire the spark plug.
Technician B says that spark line shows the
duration of the spark inside the cylinder. Which
technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Technician A says that a defective spark plug wire
can cause an engine miss. Technician B says that
a defective spark plug can cause an engine miss.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Technician A says that a defective spark plug wire
can cause an engine miss. Technician B says that
a defective spark plug can cause an engine miss.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
3. The _____ sends a pulse signal to an electronic
ignition module.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ballast resistor
Pickup coil
Ignition coil
Condenser
CHAPTER QUIZ
3. The _____ sends a pulse signal to an electronic
ignition module.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ballast resistor
Pickup coil
Ignition coil
Condenser
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. Typical primary coil resistance specifications
usually range from _____ ohms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
100 to 450
500 to 1,500
1 to 3
6,000 to 30,000
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. Typical primary coil resistance specifications
usually range from _____ ohms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
100 to 450
500 to 1,500
1 to 3
6,000 to 30,000
CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Typical secondary coil resistance specifications
usually range from _____ ohms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
100 to 450
500 to 1,500
1 to 3
6,000 to 30,000
CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Typical secondary coil resistance specifications
usually range from _____ ohms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
100 to 450
500 to 1,500
1 to 3
6,000 to 30,000
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Technician A says that an engine will not start and
run if the ignition coil is tracked. Technician B says
that one wire of any pickup coil must be grounded.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Technician A says that an engine will not start and
run if the ignition coil is tracked. Technician B says
that one wire of any pickup coil must be grounded.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Technician A says that a GM HEI distributor rotor
can burn through and cause an engine miss during
acceleration. Technician B says that a defective
distributor cap can cause an engine miss during
acceleration. Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Technician A says that a GM HEI distributor rotor
can burn through and cause an engine miss during
acceleration. Technician B says that a defective
distributor cap can cause an engine miss during
acceleration. Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. The secondary ignition circuit can be tested using
_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
An ohmmeter
A test light
An ammeter
Both a and b
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. The secondary ignition circuit can be tested using
_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
An ohmmeter
A test light
An ammeter
Both a and b
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Two technicians are discussing a no-start
condition. During cranking, a magnet held over the
coil moves and the engine backfires at times.
Technician A says that a bad pickup coil or CKP
sensor is the most likely cause. Technician B says
that an open coil primary is the most likely cause.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Two technicians are discussing a no-start
condition. During cranking, a magnet held over the
coil moves and the engine backfires at times.
Technician A says that a bad pickup coil or CKP
sensor is the most likely cause. Technician B says
that an open coil primary is the most likely cause.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e
By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Which sensor produces a square wave signal?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Magnetic sensor
Hall-effect sensor
Pickup coil
Both b and c
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Which sensor produces a square wave signal?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Magnetic sensor
Hall-effect sensor
Pickup coil
Both b and c